python (3.12.0)
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Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to
kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed
by Wally Feurzig and Seymour Papert in 1966.
Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an ``import turtle``, give it
the command turtle.forward(15), and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in
the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the
command turtle.right(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.
By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and
pictures can easily be drawn.
----- turtle.py
This module is an extended reimplementation of turtle.py from the
Python standard distribution up to Python 2.5. (See: https://www.python.org)
It tries to keep the merits of turtle.py and to be (nearly) 100%
compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the
learning programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods
interactively when using the module from within IDLE run with
the -n switch.
Roughly it has the following features added:
- Better animation of the turtle movements, especially of turning the
turtle. So the turtles can more easily be used as a visual feedback
instrument by the (beginning) programmer.
- Different turtle shapes, gif-images as turtle shapes, user defined
and user controllable turtle shapes, among them compound
(multicolored) shapes. Turtle shapes can be stretched and tilted, which
makes turtles very versatile geometrical objects.
- Fine control over turtle movement and screen updates via delay(),
and enhanced tracer() and speed() methods.
- Aliases for the most commonly used commands, like fd for forward etc.,
following the early Logo traditions. This reduces the boring work of
typing long sequences of commands, which often occur in a natural way
when kids try to program fancy pictures on their first encounter with
turtle graphics.
- Turtles now have an undo()-method with configurable undo-buffer.
- Some simple commands/methods for creating event driven programs
(mouse-, key-, timer-events). Especially useful for programming games.
- A scrollable Canvas class. The default scrollable Canvas can be
extended interactively as needed while playing around with the turtle(s).
- A TurtleScreen class with methods controlling background color or
background image, window and canvas size and other properties of the
TurtleScreen.
- There is a method, setworldcoordinates(), to install a user defined
coordinate-system for the TurtleScreen.
- The implementation uses a 2-vector class named Vec2D, derived from tuple.
This class is public, so it can be imported by the application programmer,
which makes certain types of computations very natural and compact.
- Appearance of the TurtleScreen and the Turtles at startup/import can be
configured by means of a turtle.cfg configuration file.
The default configuration mimics the appearance of the old turtle module.
- If configured appropriately the module reads in docstrings from a docstring
dictionary in some different language, supplied separately and replaces
the English ones by those read in. There is a utility function
write_docstringdict() to write a dictionary with the original (English)
docstrings to disc, so it can serve as a template for translations.
Behind the scenes there are some features included with possible
extensions in mind. These will be commented and documented elsewhere.
N)isfilesplitjoin)deepcopy) simpledialog) ScrolledCanvas TurtleScreenScreen RawTurtleTurtleRawPenPenShapeVec2D) addshapebgcolorbgpicbye clearscreen colormodedelay exitonclick getcanvas getshapeslistenmainloopmodenuminputonkey
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read it from there. If this contains an importconfig-value,
say 'myway', construct filename turtle_mayway.cfg else use
turtle.cfg and read it from the import-directory, where
turtle.py is located.
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current working directory.
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t r c f t | |||| | _ | j j dd y )Nr both)expandfill)r r4 pack)r r| r rO rP s r setupcanvasz_Root.setupcanvas s- %dE667K 0r c | j S r )r4 r s r
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mUFFF$CCDr c ( | j d| y )NWM_DELETE_WINDOW) wm_protocol)r destroys r ondestroyz_Root.ondestroy s +W5r c " | j S r )winfo_screenwidthr s r win_widthz_Root.win_width s %%''r c " | j S r )winfo_screenheightr s r
win_heightz_Root.win_height s &&((r N) r r r r r/ rp rr rw r| r r r r r rh rh s) 1 1 E6()r rh c e Zd ZdZd Zd Zd Zd Z d$dZd Z d$d Z
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a corresponding TurtleScreenBase class has to be implemented.
c j t j dd| j }|j |S )z$return a blank image object
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r r r r r r rZ rF xscaleyscale)r r whs r r/ zTurtleScreenBase.__init__ s b. )!!A""ADGGLL)*ADGGLL*+A GGNNA2q51"a%Aq!t*EN F$'' dkr c > | j j ddd S )z<Create an invisible polygon item on canvas self.cv)
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| yy)a` Configure polygonitem polyitem according to provided
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coordlist is sequence of coordinates
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coordlist is sequence of coordinates
fill is drawing color
width is width of drawn line.
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will be put on top of the canvas' displaylist so it
will not be covered by other items.
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N)r r- r s r _updatezTurtleScreenBase._update) s
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e r c z | j j | }d}|S # t j $ r d}Y |S w xY w)zCCheck if the string color is a legal Tkinter color string.
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num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1
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j z }} || y r r canvasxr r canvasyr r rR r r funr s r eventfunz+TurtleScreenBase._onclick.<locals>.eventfun\ P 0< 11$++= Aq r r
tag_unbindtag_bindr r r numaddr s ` ` r _onclickzTurtleScreenBase._onclickS sG ; GG t]S%8 9
GG T=3#6# Fr c j j |d|z y fd} j j |d|z || y)ag Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on turtle.
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then _onscreensclick-event.
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,r c j j |d|z y fd} j j |d|z || y)aq Bind fun to mouse-move-event (with pressed mouse button) on turtle.
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mouse-click event on that turtle.
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j z }} || y # t $ r Y y w xY wr )r r r r r r r r r s r r z*TurtleScreenBase._ondrag.<locals>.eventfun sg GGOOEGG 4T[[ @ GGOOEGG 44T[[@ A1I s A.A2 2 A>=A>r r s ` ` r _ondragzTurtleScreenBase._ondragu sI ; GG t%83%> ?
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j z }} || y r r r s r r z1TurtleScreenBase._onscreenclick.<locals>.eventfun r r r rb r@ )r r r r r s `` r _onscreenclickz TurtleScreenBase._onscreenclick s? ; GGNN=3. /
GGLL ,h <r c | j j d|z d yfd}| j j d|z | y)z`Bind fun to key-release event of key.
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<KeyPress-%s>c y r r r s r r z.TurtleScreenBase._onkeypress.<locals>.eventfun r r r r s ` r _onkeypressz TurtleScreenBase._onkeypress sk
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6 GG s # GGMM!S !r c > | j j dd| S )z0Create and return image item on canvas.
r image)r create_image)r r s r _createimagez TurtleScreenBase._createimage s ww##Aq#66r c |\ }}| j j ||| j z | | j z f | j j || y)zZConfigure image item as to draw image object
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_drawimagezTurtleScreenBase._drawimage sN 1 ta$++orDKK/? @A 4u-r c t | j j || | j j | y)zConfigure image item as to draw image object
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any other item .r N)r r tag_lower)r r r s r _setbgpiczTurtleScreenBase._setbgpic s-
4u- $ r c 8 | j j | S )zQReturn 'line' or 'polygon' or 'image' depending on
type of item.
)r r r s r _typezTurtleScreenBase._type s ww||D!!r c | j j | }t dt | d D cg c] }|| ||dz f }}|S c c}w )a returns list of coordinate-pairs of points of item
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>>> from turtle import *
>>> getscreen()._pointlist(getturtle().turtle._item)
[(0.0, 9.9999999999999982), (0.0, -9.9999999999999982),
(9.9999999999999982, 0.0)]
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DGGNN4 /, / 0r c < t | j t s| j | j fS ||cxu r|cxu r/n n,| j j | j j fS ||| _ ||| _ | j j ||| y)zaResize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Does
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iR0r c | j j }|dk r| j d }| j j }|dk r| j d }||fS )z; Return the width and height of the turtle window.
r r| r )r rL rM )r r| r s r _window_sizez TurtleScreenBase._window_size s\ ##% A:GGG$E%%' Q;WWX&Ff} r c L | j j j y)a{ Starts event loop - calling Tkinter's mainloop function.
No argument.
Must be last statement in a turtle graphics program.
Must NOT be used if a script is run from within IDLE in -n mode
(No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.mainloop()
N)r tkr r s r r zTurtleScreenBase.mainloop s
r c F t j ||| j S )a Pop up a dialog window for input of a string.
Arguments: title is the title of the dialog window,
prompt is a text mostly describing what information to input.
Return the string input
If the dialog is canceled, return None.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.textinput("NIM", "Name of first player:")
)parent)r askstringr )r r* prompts r r) zTurtleScreenBase.textinput% s %%eVDGGDDr c L t j |||||| j S )a Pop up a dialog window for input of a number.
Arguments: title is the title of the dialog window,
prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information to input.
default: default value
minval: minimum value for input
maxval: maximum value for input
The number input must be in the range minval .. maxval if these are
given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for
correction. Return the number input.
If the dialog is canceled, return None.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.numinput("Poker", "Your stakes:", 1000, minval=10, maxval=10000)
) initialvalueminvaluemaxvaluer" )r askfloatr )r r* r$ defaultminvalmaxvals r r zTurtleScreenBase.numinput4 s) $ $$UF.4v,0GG5 5r )NNNFr r Nrf )%r r r r r r r/ r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
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E 5r r c e Zd ZdZy)r zWill be raised in TurtleScreen.update, if _RUNNING becomes False.
This stops execution of a turtle graphics script.
Main purpose: use in the Demo-Viewer turtle.Demo.py.
Nr r r r r r r r r P s
r c e Zd ZdZy)TurtleGraphicsErrorz Some TurtleGraphics Error
Nr/ r r r r1 r1 Y s r r1 c e Zd ZdZddZddZy)r zData structure modeling shapes.
attribute _type is one of "polygon", "image", "compound"
attribute _data is - depending on _type a poygon-tuple,
an image or a list constructed using the addcomponent method.
Nc b || _ |dk( r#t |t rt | }|| _ y |dk( rWt |t rd|j j
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r c | j dk7 rt d| j z ||}| j j |||g y)a- Add component to a shape of type compound.
Arguments: poly is a polygon, i. e. a tuple of number pairs.
fill is the fillcolor of the component,
outline is the outline color of the component.
call (for a Shapeobject namend s):
-- s.addcomponent(((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)), "red", "blue")
Example:
>>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
>>> s = Shape("compound")
>>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue")
>>> # .. add more components and then use register_shape()
r6 z Cannot add component to %s ShapeN)r r1 r9 r )r polyrn r s r addcomponentzShape.addcomponentu sR :: #%&HBF**'M N
N ?G
4w/0r r )r r r r r/ r> r r r r r ^ s 1r r c 8 e Zd ZdZd dZd
dZd Zd Zd Zd Z y) Tbufferz5Ring buffer used as undobuffer for RawTurtle objects.c F || _ d gg|z | _ d| _ d| _ y )Nr F)bufsizebufferptrcumulate)r rB s r r/ zTbuffer.__init__ s' vh(
r Nc |2t | j D ] }d g| j |< d| _ y || _ d gg|z | _ d| _ y )Nr )r rB rC rD )r rB r s r ra z
Tbuffer.reset sW ?4<<(
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#DL 6(W,DKr c | j dkD rp| j s;| j dz | j z | _ || j | j < y | j | j j | y y r )rB rE rD rC r r s r pushz Tbuffer.push s_ <<! == HHqLDLL8(, DHH% DHH%,,T2 r c | j dkD rY| j | j }|y d g| j | j < | j dz
| j z | _ |S y r )rB rC rD r s r popz Tbuffer.pop s^ <<! ;;txx(D|)- DHH% HHqLDLL8
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S r )rB rC countr s r nr_of_itemszTbuffer.nr_of_items s" ||dkk / / 777r c ^ t | j dz t | j z S )N )r rC rD r s r r zTbuffer.__repr__ s# 4;; #%DHH
55r )r r )
r r r r r/ ra rH rJ rM r r r r r@ r@ s# ?
3 86r r@ c e Zd ZdZdZed ed ed fdZd Zd!d Zd
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Z#eZ$y)&r zProvides screen oriented methods like bgcolor etc.
Only relies upon the methods of TurtleScreenBase and NOT
upon components of the underlying graphics toolkit -
which is Tkinter in this case.
Tr r r c
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k( r;|j }|j ddddd |j ddddd y y )Nr4 )r r r r r ))r ) )r r ) ) ) ) )r[ r ))r_ )r_ rc )rY ra r r[ ) ra ) rc )r^ r_ )r` rb )rZ r )rf r` )r\ r^ )rZ r\ )re rZ )r r )r rX )rT )Q #@ Q@)Gz. @Q @)rj ri )rh rg rU ) Qrg )Q ri )Gz. rj )Q #rh rR )rn rk )rm rl )rl rm )rk rn )g g $)rh rn )rj rm )ri rl )rg rk ))r rS )r r )rS r )rS rS ))r Gz)r g'@)rS ro )r r )ra r] rd )r` r] r )arrowr r5 squaretriangler r nopicr r darwinwm
attributesr z-topmost10)r r/ r r _shapes_bgpics_mode _delayvaluer
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rootwindows r r/ zTurtleScreen.__init__ s !!$+ #9.G H "9 /& '
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<<8 # **,J OOD,Z E OOD,Z E
$r c t d | _ t d | _ | j d | j d | _ d| _ d| _ d| _ g | _ | j d d D ] }| j d
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) aq Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen.
No argument.
Reset empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background,
no backgroundimage, no eventbindings and tracing on.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.clear()
Note: this method is not available as function.
r r allr rt r r r )r r N)r r} r~ r r _bgpic
_bgpicname_tracing_updatecounter_turtlesr rS r r r r _pen)r btnr s r r6 zTurtleScreen.clear s = {+ U''+ !
W $C LLs # $ ::a= 'C JJtS ! OOD# & ' r Nc J | | j S |j }|dvrt d|z || _ |dv rX| j | j dz | j
dz | j dz | j
dz dx| _ | _ | j y)ah Set turtle-mode ('standard', 'logo' or 'world') and perform reset.
Optional argument:
mode -- one of the strings 'standard', 'logo' or 'world'
Mode 'standard' is compatible with turtle.py.
Mode 'logo' is compatible with most Logo-Turtle-Graphics.
Mode 'world' uses userdefined 'worldcoordinates'. *Attention*: in
this mode angles appear distorted if x/y unit-ratio doesn't equal 1.
If mode is not given, return the current mode.
Mode Initial turtle heading positive angles
------------|-------------------------|-------------------
'standard' to the right (east) counterclockwise
'logo' upward (north) clockwise
Examples:
>>> mode('logo') # resets turtle heading to north
>>> mode()
'logo'
Nr logoworldzNo turtle-graphics-mode %s)r r r r ) r| r7 r1 r r r r r ra r r s r r zTurtleScreen.mode s , <:: zz| 4 4%&BT&IJ J
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} | j |z | _ | j |z | _ || j z } | | j
z } | j | z }
| j | z }| j | | |
| | j | j | z | j
|
z | j y)as Set up a user defined coordinate-system.
Arguments:
llx -- a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
lly -- a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
urx -- a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
ury -- a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
Set up user coodinat-system and switch to mode 'world' if necessary.
This performs a screen.reset. If mode 'world' is already active,
all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates.
But ATTENTION: in user-defined coordinatesystems angles may appear
distorted. (see Screen.mode())
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-10,-0.5,50,1.5)
>>> for _ in range(36):
... left(10)
... forward(0.5)
r N) r r r r& r r r r r r r- )r llxllyurxuryxspanyspanwxwy oldxscale oldyscaler r r r s r r( z TurtleScreen.setworldcoordinates$ s
, 99;' ! IIg cCi cCi ""$B 2r"u% #{{DKK9 nnu, oo- T[[ tdkk!~~$% dD$5
dkk)+T[[-BC
r c |F|j j d r t d| j | }n't d t |t r t d| }|| j |< y)a Adds a turtle shape to TurtleScreen's shapelist.
Arguments:
(1) name is the name of a gif-file and shape is None.
Installs the corresponding image shape.
!! Image-shapes DO NOT rotate when turning the turtle,
!! so they do not display the heading of the turtle!
(2) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple
of pairs of coordinates. Installs the corresponding
polygon shape
(3) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a
(compound) Shape object. Installs the corresponding
compound shape.
To use a shape, you have to issue the command shape(shapename).
call: register_shape("turtle.gif")
--or: register_shape("tri", ((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)))
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3),(0,5),(-5,-3)))
Nr5 r z;Bad arguments for register_shape.
Use help(register_shape)r4 )r7 r8 r r r1 r r rz )r namerl s r r$ zTurtleScreen.register_shapeK sk . =zz|$$V, gt{{4'89) +H J J
u
%)U+E " Tr c t | dk( r|d }t |t r/| j | s|dk( r|S t dt | z |\ }}}| j dk( r#|||fD cg c] }t d|z c}\ }}}d|cxk rdk r n nd|cxk rdk rn n
d|cxk rdk sn t d t | z d
|||fz S # t
t f$ r t dt | z w xY wc c}w ) a Return color string corresponding to args.
Argument may be a string or a tuple of three
numbers corresponding to actual colormode,
i.e. in the range 0<=n<=colormode.
If the argument doesn't represent a color,
an error is raised.
r r r zbad color string: %sbad color arguments: %sr o@ bad color sequence: %s
#%02x%02x%02x) r
r r r r1 TypeErrorr r~ round)r r: r gbr s r _colorstrzTurtleScreen._colorstrn s u:?!HE eS !""5)Ub[ )*@3u:*MNN NGAq! ??c !011ay9!uU1W~9GAq!a 3 Q!]s]a 3 %&>U&KL L !Q**
:& N%&?#e*&LM M N :s C 0C>'C;c @ |j d s|S t | dk( r dD cg c] }t |||dz d }}n?t | dk( r#|dd D cg c] }dt || d z }}nt d|z t fd |D S c c}w c c}w )
Nr rZ )r r r` r rV re r zbad colorstring: %sc 3 B K | ] }|j z d z yw)r N)r~ ).0r r s r <genexpr>z&TurtleScreen._color.<locals>.<genexpr> s 9Q (,9s )r r
r r1 r )r cstrr r r s ` r _colorzTurtleScreen._color s s#K t9>09:1#d1QqSk2&:B:
Y!^/3ABx8!"Sa"%%8B8%&;d&BC C9b999 ;8s BBc x | | j S |dk( rt | | _ y|dk( rt | | _ yy)aq Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255.
Optional argument:
cmode -- one of the values 1.0 or 255
r, g, b values of colortriples have to be in range 0..cmode.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.colormode()
1.0
>>> screen.colormode(255)
>>> pencolor(240,160,80)
Nr r )r~ r r )r cmodes r r zTurtleScreen.colormode s< =?? " C< #ElDO
c\ !%jDO r c | | j D ]- }|j | j |j / y)zReset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.reset()
N)r _setmoder| ra )r r s r ra zTurtleScreen.reset s0 mm F OODJJ ' LLN r c | j S )zReturn the list of turtles on the screen.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x00E11FB0>]
)r r s r r, zTurtleScreen.turtles s }} r c z |r| j | }nd}| j | }|| j | }|S )a Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
>>> screen.bgcolor()
'orange'
>>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
>>> screen.bgcolor()
'#800080'
N)r r r r rX r: s r r zTurtleScreen.bgcolor sA NN4(EE
e$ KK&E r c | | j S t | | _ d| _ |t | | _ | j r| j yy)ae Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
Optional arguments:
n -- nonnegative integer
delay -- nonnegative integer
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
... fd(dist)
... rt(90)
... dist += 2
Nr )r r r r} r- )r nr s r r+ zTurtleScreen.tracer sM &
9== A
"5zD == KKM r c @ | | j S t | | _ y)z Return or set the drawing delay in milliseconds.
Optional argument:
delay -- positive integer
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.delay(15)
>>> screen.delay()
15
N)r} r r s r r zTurtleScreen.delay s! =## # u:r c t j sdt _ t | j dkD r5| xj dz
c_ | xj | j z c_ yy)zIncrement update counter.Tr r N)r _RUNNINGr r r r s r
_incrementudczTurtleScreen._incrementudc sP $$$(L ! ==1 1 $ 4== 0 r c | j }d| _ | j D ]" }|j |j $ || _ | j y)z'Perform a TurtleScreen update.
TN)r r, _update_data _drawturtler )r tracingr s r r- zTurtleScreen.update sN --
A
NN
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r c ( | j d S )z Return the width of the turtle window.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_width()
640
r r r s r r/ zTurtleScreen.window_width "1%%r c ( | j d S )z Return the height of the turtle window.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_height()
480
r r r s r r. zTurtleScreen.window_height r r c | j S )zReturn the Canvas of this TurtleScreen.
No argument.
Example (for a Screen instance named screen):
>>> cv = screen.getcanvas()
>>> cv
<turtle.ScrolledCanvas instance at 0x010742D8>
)r r s r r zTurtleScreen.getcanvas& s
wwr c H t | j j S )zReturn a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.getshapes()
['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ... , 'turtle']
)sortedrz r r s r r zTurtleScreen.getshapes2 s dll'')**r c * | j ||| y)a Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the
clicked point on the canvas.
btn -- the number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen)
>>> screen.onclick(goto)
>>> # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will
>>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point.
>>> screen.onclick(None)
N)r r r r r s r rS zTurtleScreen.onclick= s
Cc*r c |*|| j v rE| j j | n)|| j vr| j j | | j || y)am Bind fun to key-release event of key.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with no arguments
key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space")
In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
must have focus. (See method listen.)
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> def f():
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
...
>>> screen.onkey(f, "Up")
>>> screen.listen()
Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing
the up-arrow key, consequently drawing a hexagon
N)r remover r r r r s r r zTurtleScreen.onkeyN sU . ;djj
!!#&
" JJ c " 3$r c |*|| j v rG| j j | n+|)|| j vr| j j | | j || y)a Bind fun to key-press event of key if key is given,
or to any key-press-event if no key is given.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with no arguments
key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space")
In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
must have focus. (See method listen.)
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen
and a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> def f():
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
...
>>> screen.onkeypress(f, "Up")
>>> screen.listen()
Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing
the up-arrow key, or by keeping pressed the up-arrow key.
consequently drawing a hexagon.
N)r r r r r s r r zTurtleScreen.onkeypressl sY 2 ;djj
!!#&
_DJJ!6 JJ c " c"r c $ | j y)a Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events)
No arguments.
Dummy arguments are provided in order
to be able to pass listen to the onclick method.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.listen()
N)r )r xdummyydummys r r zTurtleScreen.listen s
r c ( | j || y)a Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with no arguments.
t -- a number >= 0
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> running = True
>>> def f():
... if running:
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
... screen.ontimer(f, 250)
...
>>> f() # makes the turtle marching around
>>> running = False
N)r r s r r# zTurtleScreen.ontimer s &
c1 r c | | j S || j vr | j | | j |< | j | j | j | || _ y)aF Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage.
Optional argument:
picname -- a string, name of a gif-file or "nopic".
If picname is a filename, set the corresponding image as background.
If picname is "nopic", delete backgroundimage, if present.
If picname is None, return the filename of the current backgroundimage.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.bgpic()
'nopic'
>>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif")
>>> screen.bgpic()
'landscape.gif'
N)r r{ r r r )r picnames r r zTurtleScreen.bgpic sX " ??? " $,, &$(KK$8DLL ! t{{DLL$9:!r c ( | j ||| S )a Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on.
Optional arguments:
canvwidth -- positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels
canvheight -- positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels
bg -- colorstring or color-tuple, new backgroundcolor
If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight)
Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of
the canvas use the scrollbars. (Can make visible those parts
of a drawing, which were outside the canvas before!)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.screensize(2000,1500)
>>> # e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)
)r rJ s r r& zTurtleScreen.screensize s " ||Iz266r r NNr- r rf )%r r r r r r r/ r6 r r( r$ r r r ra r, r r+ r r r- r/ r. r r rS r r r r# r r& r" r% r r r! r r r r r s H $V ,DM&FP < D%N!#F+6 :)*
.8
& 1 &&
++" %< #@
*"07& MKK HLr r c L e Zd ZdZ edd edd edd dZdZdZdZefdZ d Z
d*d Z d Z d+d
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d Zd Zd Zd Zd,dddedd
fdZd Zd Zd Zd Zd Zd Zd Zd*d Zd Z d Z d! Z d*d"Z d*d#Z d$ Z!d% Z"d,d&Z#d-d'Z$d,d(Z%d*d)Z&eZ'eZ(eZ)eZ*eZ+eZ,eZ-eZ.e"Z/y
).
TNavigatorzRNavigation part of the RawTurtle.
Implements methods for turtle movement.
r )r r r r r r c | j | _ | j | _ || _ d | _ | j
d | _ | j | t j | y r )
DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET _angleOffsetDEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT _angleOrientr|
undobufferr; r r ra r s r r/ zTNavigator.__init__ sV 4 4 4 4
d r c j t dd | _ t j | j | _ y)zXreset turtle to its initial values
Will be overwritten by parent class
r N)r _positionr START_ORIENTATIONr| _orientr s r ra zTNavigator.reset s'
sC "44TZZ@ r Nc | | j S |dvry|| _ |dv rd| _ d| _ y| j dz | _ d| _ y)z:Set turtle-mode to 'standard', 'world' or 'logo'.
Nr )r r r r @r )r| r r _fullcircler s r r zTNavigator._setmode sZ <:: 4 4
( ( !D !D $ 0 0 3D "D r c h || _ d|z | _ | j dk( rd| _ y|dz | _ y)z+Helper function for degrees() and radians()ih r r r N)r
_degreesPerAUr| r r
fullcircles r _setDegreesPerAUzTNavigator._setDegreesPerAU s6 % ^ :: # !D *2
D r c & | j | y)a> Set angle measurement units to degrees.
Optional argument:
fullcircle - a number
Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number
of 'degrees' for a full circle. Default value is
360 degrees.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
>>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
>>> turtle.heading()
100
N)r r s r r; zTNavigator.degrees s ,
j)r c B | j t j y)a Set the angle measurement units to radians.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
90
>>> turtle.radians()
>>> turtle.heading()
1.5707963267948966
N)r r taur s r r_ zTNavigator.radians, s
dhh'r c ^ | j | j |z z }| j | y)z)move turtle forward by specified distanceN)r r _goto)r r< endes r _gozTNavigator._go: s% ~~ x 77
4r c b || j z }| j j | | _ y)z=Turn turtle counterclockwise by specified angle if angle > 0.N)r r r r r s r _rotatezTNavigator._rotate? s(
###||**51 r c || _ y)z move turtle to position end.Nr )r ends r r zTNavigator._gotoD s r Ffill_gapr returnc r ||n| j d }||n| j d }t || | _ y)zPTo be overwritten by child class RawTurtle.
Includes no TPen references.Nr r )r r )r r r r new_xnew_ys r rt zTNavigator.teleportH s: ]q(9]q(9 ue,r c & | j | y)a Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
Aliases: forward | fd
Argument:
distance -- a number (integer or float)
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
the turtle is headed.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
Nr r r< s r rD zTNavigator.forwardO s *
r c ( | j | y)a Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance, opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
Nr r s r r0 zTNavigator.backf s $
(r c ( | j | y)a Turn turtle right by angle units.
Aliases: right | rt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
Nr r s r r` zTNavigator.rightz s &
eV r c & | j | y)a Turn turtle left by angle units.
Aliases: left | lt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
Nr r s r rQ zTNavigator.left s &
Ur c | j S )zReturn the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
Aliases: pos | position
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 240.00)
r r s r r\ zTNavigator.pos s ~~ r c | j d S )z Return the turtle's x coordinate.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.xcor()
50.0
r r r s r r~ zTNavigator.xcor ~~a r c | j d S )a Return the turtle's y coordinate
---
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.ycor()
86.6025403784
r r r s r r zTNavigator.ycor r
r c n || j t | y| j t || y)at Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
N)r r )r r r s r rJ zTNavigator.goto s+ <
9 JJuay ! JJuQ{ #r c J | j dd | j d y)a$ Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0).
No arguments.
Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its
heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.home()
r N)rJ re r s r rM zTNavigator.home s
!Q r c T | j t || j d y)a Set the turtle's first coordinate to x
Argument:
x -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00, 240.00)
r Nr r r )r r s r rj zTNavigator.setx s
5DNN1 -./r c T | j t | j d | y)a Set the turtle's second coordinate to y
Argument:
y -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, -10.00)
r Nr )r r s r rk zTNavigator.sety s
5 *A./r c | t || }t |t r|}n5t |t r t | }n t |t r |j }t | j z
S )a Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units.
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.distance(30,40)
50.0
>>> pen = Turtle()
>>> pen.forward(77)
>>> turtle.distance(pen)
77.0
)r r r r r abs)r r r r\ s r r< zTNavigator.distance# s] ,
=1+C a C
5
!)C
:
&++C3 '((r c | t || }t |t r|}n5t |t r t | }n t |t r |j }| j z
\ }}t t
j t
j || d dz }|| j z }| j | j |z z | j z S )aC Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y).
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position
specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on
modes - "standard" or "logo")
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(10.00, 10.00)
>>> turtle.towards(0,0)
225.0
r v@)
r r r r r r r r; atan2r r r r )r r r r\ results r rw zTNavigator.towardsC s ,
=1+C a C
5
!)C
:
&++CT^^#1t||DJJq!$45r:UB$$$$!!D$5$5f$<<@P@PPPr c | j \ }}t t j t j || d dz }|| j
z }| j | j |z z | j z S )z Return the turtle's current heading.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(67)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
r r ) r r r r; r r r r r )r r r r s r rK zTNavigator.headingf sm ||1t||DJJq!$45r:UB$$$$!!D$5$5f$<<@P@PPPr c || j z
| j z }| j }||dz z |z |dz z
}| j | y)a Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Aliases: setheading | seth
Argument:
to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Here are some common directions in degrees:
standard - mode: logo-mode:
-------------------|--------------------
0 - east 0 - north
90 - north 90 - east
180 - west 180 - south
270 - south 270 - west
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
@N)rK r r r )r to_angler fulls r re zTNavigator.setheadingu sQ . DLLN*D,=,== tBw $tBw. Ur c | j r-| j j dg d| j _ | j }| | j }|Bt | | j z }dt
t dt | dz z d |z z }d|z |z }d |z }d
|z t j t j | | j z z }|d k r | | | }}}| j } | j }
|d k( r| j d d n| j d | j | t | D ]F } | j | | j! | | j d | j | H | j | |d k( r| j | |
| j | | j rd | j _ yy)
a Draw a circle with given radius.
Arguments:
radius -- a number
extent (optional) -- a number
steps (optional) -- an integer
Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left
of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the
circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle.
If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction
if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally
the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.
As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon,
steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given,
it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular
polygons.
call: circle(radius) # full circle
--or: circle(radius, extent) # arc
--or: circle(radius, extent, steps)
--or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.circle(50)
>>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle
seqTNr g @g M@r r r r F)r rH rE rq r r r minr r r_ r _tracerr r r r ) r radiusextentstepsrq fracr w2ltrdlr s r r5 zTNavigator.circle s < ?? OO % )'+DOO $
>%%F =v;t / //Dc#bVS 0$7<==E &L5
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bS A: LLR
5 ??',DOO $ r c yz/dummy method - to be overwritten by child classNr )r r s r rq zTNavigator.speed r c yr* r )r ar s r r zTNavigator._tracer r+ r c yr* r )r r s r r zTNavigator._delay r+ r r )r r r )0r r r r r r DEFAULT_MODEr r r/ ra r r r; r_ r r r boolrt rD r0 r` rQ r\ r~ r rJ rM rj rk r< rw rK re r5 rq r r rA r4 r1 rc rR r] rf rg rd r r r r r s #sO#sO#sO' L ( A
# .*0 (
2
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Q 8=-B>>>
B
BH B
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FK Dr r c e Zd ZdZed fdZed ed fdZd dZd d Zd
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d Zd Zd dddeddfdZd Zd Zd Zd dZd dZd!dZd Zd ZeZe Ze Z e
Z e
Z eZ eZ y)"TPenzFDrawing part of the RawTurtle.
Implements drawing properties.
rb c J || _ d | _ t j | y r ) _resizemoder r2 _reset)r rb s r r/ z
TPen.__init__ s % Dr rX rB c d| _ d| _ || _ || _ d| _ d| _ d| _ d| _ d| _ d| _ d| _
y )Nr Tr )r r r )r r r r ) _pensize_shown _pencolor
_fillcolor_drawing_speed_stretchfactor _shearfactor_tilt _shapetrafo
_outlinewidth)r rX rB s r r5 z TPen._reset sS
!#
&
+ r Nc n | | j S |j }|dv r| j | yy)az Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize".
(Optional) Argument:
rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize"
Different resizemodes have the following effects:
- "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle
corresponding to the value of pensize.
- "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the
values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline),
which are set by shapesize()
- "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place.
If no argument is given, return current resizemode.
resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("noresize")
>>> turtle.resizemode()
'noresize'
N)autouserr rb )r4 r7 rW )r rmodes r rb zTPen.resizemode s< , =## #
0 0 HHH & 1r c D | | j S | j | y)a! Set or return the line thickness.
Aliases: pensize | width
Argument:
width -- positive number
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
is returned.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
N)rZ )r7 rW )r r| s r rZ z TPen.pensize s! $ === r c B | j sy| j d y)zPull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
NFrY r; rW r s r r[ z
TPen.penup. s }} r c B | j ry| j d y)zPull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
NTrI rJ r s r rY z TPen.pendown< s == r c | j S )a Return True if pen is down, False if it's up.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.isdown()
False
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.isdown()
True
)r; r s r rO z TPen.isdownJ s }} r c dddddd}| | j S ||v r|| }n%d|cxk rd k rn nt t | }nd}| j |
y) a Return or set the turtle's speed.
Optional argument:
speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10.
If no argument is given: return current speed.
If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5,
speed is set to 0.
Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way:
'fastest' : 0
'fast' : 10
'normal' : 6
'slow' : 3
'slowest' : 1
speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of
line drawing and turtle turning.
Attention:
speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump
and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.speed(3)
r r rf r r )fastestfastnormalslowslowestNr g %@)rq )r< r r rW )r rq speedss r rq z
TPen.speedY sa 6 b1Q!M =;; F?5ME
5
4
e %EE u r c 6 |rbt | }|dk( r|d x}}n|dk( r|\ }}n |dk( r|x}}| j }| j }| j || y| j | j | j | j
fS )a Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor.
Arguments:
Several input formats are allowed.
They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows:
color()
Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor
as a pair of color specification strings as are returned
by pencolor and fillcolor.
color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b)
inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor,
to the given value.
color(colorstring1, colorstring2),
color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))
equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2)
and analogously, if the other input format is used.
If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon
is drawn with the newly set colors.
For more info see: pencolor, fillcolor
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color('red', 'green')
>>> turtle.color()
('red', 'green')
>>> colormode(255)
>>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))
>>> color()
('#285078', '#a0c8f0')
r r r r )rX rB N)r
r rW r r9 r: )r rX r& pcolorfcolors r r: z
TPen.color s @ D AAv"&q')a!%a"&&^^F+F^^F+F HHfH 7;;t~~. DOO0LL Lr c |r4| j | }|| j k( ry| j | y| j | j S )aZ Return or set the pencolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- pencolor()
Return the current pencolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- pencolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- pencolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- pencolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set pencolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pencolor('brown')
>>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
>>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'#33cc8c'
N)rX )r r9 rW r r s r rX z
TPen.pencolor sE : NN4(E& HHeH $;;t~~. .r c |r4| j | }|| j k( ry| j | y| j | j S )a] Return or set the fillcolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- fillcolor()
Return the current fillcolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- fillcolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- fillcolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- fillcolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set fillcolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.fillcolor('violet')
>>> col = turtle.pencolor()
>>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
>>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0)
N)rB )r r: rW r r s r rB zTPen.fillcolor sE 8 NN4(E' HHuH %;;t/ /r Fr r r c p | j }|r| j d | j | y)z_To be overwritten by child class RawTurtle.
Includes no TNavigator references.
FrI N)rO rW )r r r r rY s r rt z
TPen.teleport s. ++- HHUH # !r c ( | j d y)zMakes the turtle visible.
Aliases: showturtle | st
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.showturtle()
TshownNrW r s r rp zTPen.showturtle s
t r c ( | j d y)aY Makes the turtle invisible.
Aliases: hideturtle | ht
No argument.
It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
Fr[ Nr] r s r rL zTPen.hideturtle s
u r c | j S )zReturn True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> print turtle.isvisible():
False
)r8 r s r rP zTPen.isvisible s {{r c | j | j | j | j | j | j
| j | j | j | j | j d }|s|s|S t |t r|}ni }|j | i }|D ]
}|| ||< | j r | j j d|f d}d|v r| j |d k7 rd}d|v r?t |d t r| j# |d f |d< | j |d k7 rd}d|v r| j |d k7 rd}|r| j% d|v r
|d | _ d|v r
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|d | _ d|v r5t |d t r| j# |d f |d< |d | _ d |v r
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|d | _
d |v sd|v sd |v r}| j \ } }
| j } t+ j, | j t+ j. | j }
} | |
z |
| |
z | z z | | z |
|
| | z z
z f| _ | j3 y)aL Return or set the pen's attributes.
Arguments:
pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys.
**pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below
listed keys as keywords.
Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary'
with the following key/value pairs:
"shown" : True/False
"pendown" : True/False
"pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"pensize" : positive number
"speed" : number in range 0..10
"resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize"
"stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number)
"shearfactor": number
"outline" : positive number
"tilt" : number
This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent
pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one
or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments.
This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
>>> penstate=turtle.pen()
>>> turtle.color("yellow","")
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
>>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
>>> p.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
) r\ rY rX rB rZ rq rb
stretchfactorro r ru rW FrY TrX rZ rB rq rb ra ro r r\ ru N)r8 r; r9 r: r7 r< r4 r= r> rA r? r dictr- r rH r r _newLiner r r r r r@ r )r rW pendict_pdp_p_bufr newLinesfscxscyshfsacas r rW zTPen.pen( s ^ #'++"&--"&.."&//"&--"&++"&"2"2"&"5"5"&"3"3"&"4"4"&** wJ c4 AA #C c(F3K # ?? OO % 1 >}}) , ?!J-/ $*
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TPen._newLine r+ r c yr* r )r rL forceds r r z TPen._update r+ r c yr* r rW s r r z TPen._color r+ r c yr* r rW s r r zTPen._colorstr r+ r r r T)TF)!r r r r r r/ r5 rb rZ r[ rY rO rq r: rX rB r0 rt rp rL rP rW rc r r r r| r{ r^ rV r> rr rN r r r r2 r2 s #'|"4
#: . #K 0 '8 .
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E B B B D B Br r2 c e Zd ZdZd Zd Zy) _TurtleImagez6Helper class: Datatype to store Turtle attributes
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Lr rx c e Zd ZdZg Zded ed ed fdZd Zd Zd Z d
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d<dZd Zd Zd Zd<dddeddfdZd Zd=dZd>dZd=dZd Zd=d Zd Zd?d Zd Z d Z d@d!Z d" Z d# Z d$ Z!d% Z"d=d&Z#d' Z$d( Z%d) Z&dAd*Z'd+ Z(d, Z)d- Z*d=d.Z+d/ Z,dBd0Z-d1 Z.d2 Z/d3 Z0d4 Z1d5 Z2e2Z3d=d6Z4dCd7Z5dCd8Z6dCd9Z7d: Z8d; Z9eZ:y)Dr zvAnimation part of the RawTurtle.
Puts RawTurtle upon a TurtleScreen and provides tools for
its animation.
Nrl r r c
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| j nt d|z | j }t j | |j t j | |j j
| |j! | _ t% || | _ d | _ d| _ d x| _ | _ || _ d| _ |j! | _ | j6 g| _ | j4 g| _ g | _ || _ tA | | _! | jE y )Nzbad canvas argument %sF)#r _Screenr r r screensr r r2 r r1 r r/ r r2 r r drawingLineItemrx r _poly
_creatingPoly _fillitem _fillpathr8 _hidden_from_screencurrentLineItemr currentLiner
stampItems_undobuffersizer@ r r )r canvasrl r r r s r r/ zRawTurtle.__init__ s fg & DK
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- !.1 r c t j | t j | | j | j | j
y)a Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.
No argument.
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle
and set variables to the default values.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-22.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
N)r ra r2 r5 _clearr r r s r ra zRawTurtle.reset
s< & D
r c B ||dk rd| _ yt | | _ y)a Set or disable undobuffer.
Argument:
size -- an integer or None
If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone
by the undo() function.
If size is None, no undobuffer is present.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
Nr )r r@ )r sizes r ri zRawTurtle.setundobuffer
s! <419 "DO %dmDOr c P | j y| j j S )zReturn count of entries in the undobuffer.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> while undobufferentries():
... undo()
r )r rM r s r rz zRawTurtle.undobufferentries3
s$ ?? "**,,r c dx| _ | _ | j D ] }| j j | | j j | _ g | _ | j r%| j j | j | j g| _ | j | j | j y)z Delete all of pen's drawingsN)r r r r r r r r r; r r r8 ri r r s r r zRawTurtle._clear@
s *.. JJ &D KK % & #{{ 6 6 8 == # #DNN 3**+
4//0r c D | j | j y)ag Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
No arguments.
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other
turtles are not affected.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.clear()
N)r r r s r r6 zRawTurtle.clearN
s
r c * | j j | j j dk7 ry t | j dkD rG| j j | j | j | j | j y y r ) r r r r
r r r r9 r7 r s r r zRawTurtle._update_data]
so !!# ;; % % * t " KK ! !$"6"68H8H"&..$--
A #r c | j }|j dk( ry|j dk( rL| j | j |j |j |j y| j |j dk( r6|j D ] }|j |j yy)z&Perform a Turtle-data update.
r Nr ) r r r r r r r} r r, )r r r s r r zRawTurtle._updatee
s ??a
__
! NN MM&,, - $$) ) $AMMO$ *r c : | j j || S )am Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
Optional arguments:
n -- nonnegative integer
delay -- nonnegative integer
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
... turtle.fd(dist)
... turtle.rt(90)
... dist += 2
)r r+ )r flagr s r r zRawTurtle._tracerw
s & {{!!$..r c 8 | j j | S r )r r rW s r r zRawTurtle._color
s {{!!$''r c 8 | j j | S r )r r rW s r r zRawTurtle._colorstr
s {{$$T**r c t |t r|S |\ }}}| j
j dk( r#|||fD cg c] }t d|z c}\ }}}d|cxk rdk r n nd|cxk rdk rn n
d|cxk rdk sn t dt | z d|||fz S # t t f$ r t dt | z w xY wc c}w )z,Convert colortriples to hexstrings.
r r r r r r r )r r r r r1 r r~ r )r rX r r r r s r _ccz
RawTurtle._cc
s dC K MGAq! ;; ! !S (011ay9!uU1W~9GAq!a 3 Q!]s]a 3 %&>T&JK K !Q**
:& M%&?#d)&KL L M :s B C 'CFr r r c R | j }| j }|r| j d |r|s| j ||n| j d }||n| j d }t || | _ | j | |r|s| j
yyy)aZ Instantly move turtle to an absolute position.
Arguments:
x -- a number or None
y -- a number None
fill_gap -- a boolean This argument must be specified by name.
call: teleport(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: teleport(x) # teleport to x position, keeping y as is
--or: teleport(y=y) # teleport to y position, keeping x as is
--or: teleport(x, y, fill_gap=True)
# teleport but fill the gap in between
Move turtle to an absolute position. Unlike goto(x, y), a line will not
be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change. If currently
filling, the polygon(s) teleported from will be filled after leaving,
and filling will begin again after teleporting. This can be disabled
with fill_gap=True, which makes the imaginary line traveled during
teleporting act as a fill barrier like in goto(x, y).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.teleport(60)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.teleport(y=10)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,10.00)
>>> turtle.teleport(20, 30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,30.00)
FrI Nr r )rO rC rW r? r r r2 )r r r r rY was_fillingr r s r rt zRawTurtle.teleport
s F ++-lln HHUH # x MMO]q(9]q(9 ue, ! x OO (;r c t | j }| j | j | j }d| _ d| _ t | }|| _ || _ ||_ t || j j |_ |j j | |j | j j j }|dk( r |j |j _ n|dk( r8|j |j d j |j _ n]|dk( rX|j | j j j D cg c] }|j c}|j _ |j |_ |j# |S c c}w )a Create and return a clone of the turtle.
No argument.
Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading
and turtle properties.
Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):
mick = Turtle()
joe = mick.clone()
Nr4 r r r6 )r rc r; r r rx r{ r r rz r r r} r r9 r r r )r r r qttyper s r r9 zRawTurtle.clone
sN
dmm$ TN (>(>? q!t{{ 5 56<< I # / / 1AHHN
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j
$nnT[[-C-C D J J Ltf 0 0 2 LAHHN " . . 0 Ls %F5c || j j S || j j vrt d|z | j j | | j
y)a Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.
Optional argument:
name -- a string, which is a valid shapename
Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,
return name of current shape.
Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.
Initially there are the following polygon shapes:
'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.
To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape()
'arrow'
>>> turtle.shape("turtle")
>>> turtle.shape()
'turtle'
NzThere is no shape named %s)r r{ r r r1 rz r )r r s r rl zRawTurtle.shape
sZ ( <;;)) )t{{,,..%&BT&IJ J d# r c ( ||cxu r|cxu r!n n | j \ }}||| j fS |dk( s|dk( r t d | |||f}n%||f}n || j d |f}n | j }| | j }| j d|| y)aO Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
Optional arguments:
stretch_wid : positive number
stretch_len : positive number
outline : positive number
Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
Set resizemode to "user".
If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
stretched according to its stretchfactors:
stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
Nr z(stretch_wid/stretch_len must not be zerorD )rb ra r )r= rA r1 rW )r stretch_wid stretch_lenr ra s r rm zRawTurtle.shapesize s * + 8 8'+':': $K T-?-?? ? ! {a /%&PQ Q "" +[ 8
+[ 8
$ / / 2K ?M / /M ?((G F ,g ?r c F | | j S | j d| y)a Set or return the current shearfactor.
Optional argument: shear -- number, tangent of the shear angle
Shear the turtleshape according to the given shearfactor shear,
which is the tangent of the shear angle. DO NOT change the
turtle's heading (direction of movement).
If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the
tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the
heading of the turtle are sheared.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5)
>>> turtle.shearfactor()
>>> 0.5
NrD )rb ro )r> rW )r shears r ro zRawTurtle.shearfactor< s% & =$$ $ F6r c V t j ddd | j | y)a{ Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction
Argument: angle -- number
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
heading (direction of movement).
Deprecated since Python 3.1
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
>>> turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
>>> turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
z turtle.RawTurtle.settiltangle()zn{name!r} is deprecated since Python 3.1 and scheduled for removal in Python {remove}. Use tiltangle() instead.)r
)r N)warnings _deprecatedrv r s r rh zRawTurtle.settiltangleS s, * > X$+ -
u r c F |It j | j | j z }|| j z | j
z S | | j z | j z }t j | t j z }| j d| y)a Set or return the current tilt-angle.
Optional argument: angle -- number
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
heading (direction of movement).
If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle
between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the
turtle (its direction of movement).
(Incorrectly marked as deprecated since Python 3.1, it is really
settiltangle that is deprecated.)
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 2)
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
0.0
>>> turtle.tiltangle(45)
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
45.0
>>> turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.tiltangle(-45)
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
315.0
>>> turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
NrD )rb ru ) r r; r? r r r r_ r rW )r r ru s r rv zRawTurtle.tiltanglen s > =LL,,t/@/@@D4---1A1AA A6D . ..1B1BBD<<%0D HHTH 2r c H | j || j z y)a Rotate the turtleshape by angle.
Argument:
angle - a number
Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle,
but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
N)rv r s r ru zRawTurtle.tilt s "
ut~~ //0r c $ ||cxu r|cxu r|cxu r
| j S | j \ }}}}||}||}||}||}||z ||z z
dk( r t d ||||f| _ t j | | t j z } t j
| t j | } }
| |z |
|z z
| |z |
|z z
|
|z | |z z |
|z | |z z f\ } }
}}| |f| _ |
|z | _ | | _ | j d y)a Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape.
Optional arguments: t11, t12, t21, t22 -- numbers.
If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation
matrix.
Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape
according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and
second row t21, 22.
Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the
given matrix.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("square")
>>> turtle.shapesize(4,2)
>>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5)
>>> turtle.shapetransform()
(4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)
Nr z0Bad shape transform matrix: must not be singularrD rE ) r@ r1 r r r r r r= r> r? rW )r t11t12t21t22m11m12m21m22alfarm rn a11a12a21a22s r rn zRawTurtle.shapetransform s= ( # + + +## # , ! - -S#s ?#C ?#C ?#C ?#C 9sSy A %%&XY Y c3/zz3$$txx/$ $ B fr#vor#v3 fr#vor#v3 @S#s !3h G
F#r c j | j }| j \ }}| j \ }}t |||j z |j
z }dt
| z |z \ }}|D cg c]< \ }} |||z || z z |j
z z || |z || z z |j z z f> c} }S c c} }w )zlComputes transformed polygon shapes from a shape
according to current position and heading.
r )r r r r r r r )
r r= r p0p1e0e1er r s
r
_polytrafozRawTurtle._polytrafo s B B "b6==(6==8 9A,!#BIMO?E1 RT"Q$Y
--rB3q5A:v}}2L/LM O O Os *AB/c | j j | j j }|j dk( r)| j |j |j dk( S y)a@ Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs.
No argument.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("square")
>>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2)
>>> turtle.get_shapepoly()
((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20))
r4 r6 N)r rz r r{ r
_getshapepolyr9 )r rl s r rH zRawTurtle.get_shapepoly sS ##DKK$:$:; ;;) #%%ekk5;;*3LM M $r c | j dk( s|r| j \ nE| j dk( r%t d| j dz }|dd|f\ n| j dk( r|S t fd|D S )z`Calculate transformed shape polygon according to resizemode
and shapetransform.
rD rC r g @r r c 3 P K | ] \ }}|z |z z |z |z z f y wr r )r r r r r r r s r r z*RawTurtle._getshapepoly.<locals>.<genexpr> s2 JAc!ec!emSUSU]3Js #&)r4 r@ maxr7 r )r r4 r6 r& r r r r s @@@@r r zRawTurtle._getshapepoly s v %!%!1!1 Cc3
'At}}S()A!"Aq! Cc3
+NJ'JJJr c | j }|j | j j }|j }| j j
}| j rd|j dk( rT|j dkD rDd| _ |j }|dk( r| j dk( rd}n(| j dk( r
| j }n | j }| j | j | }| j | j" }}|j% |||||d y |d k( r |j' || j( | y |d
k( ryt+ || D ]i \ } \ }
}}| j | j |
d }
|j% | |
| j- | | j- | | j d k y y | j ry |dk( r|j% |d d
d
nZ|d k( r5|j' || j( |j d j n |d
k( r|D ] } |j% | d d
d
d| _ y )zpManages the correct rendering of the turtle with respect to
its shape, resizemode, stretch and tilt etc.r Fr4 r r rC Trn r r| r r r6 Nrp rp rp r r )r rz r r{ r r} r8 r r r r9 r4 r7 rA r r r: r9 r r r zipr ) r r rl r titemtshaper fcocr r= s r r zRawTurtle._drawturtle s& t{{ 5 56 !! ;;600A5&//A:M',D $[[F !##z1q1%%/T]] ++a (:(:6(BC $..B B<=4 ! I'!!!% @*$,/v,> _(D.4R ??4+=+=dD+IJD$$T4dhhrl-1XXb\ASASY] % __ % '' ! (@"bI'!!!% *0..*A*G*GI*$ ! MD$$T+CRLM'+D $r c | j }|j | j j }|j }|j
}|dk( r|j
}| j dk( rd}n(| j dk( r
| j }n | j }| j | j | }| j | j }}|j |||||d n|dk( r/|j d }|j! || j" | n|d k( rg }|D ]# } |j
}
|j% |
% t' | }t) || D ]i \ }
\ } }}| j | j | d } |j |
| | j+ | | j+ | | j d k | j, j% | j. j1 d
|f |S ) a Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id.
No argument.
Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current
turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be
used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> turtle.stamp()
13
>>> turtle.fd(50)
r4 r r rC Tr r r r6 rs )r rz r r{ r r9 r r4 r7 rA r r r: r9 r r r r r r r r r r rH ) r r rl r r stitemr r r elementr r= s r rs zRawTurtle.stamp" s t{{ 5 56 I '')F :-1q!!V+ Q''!OOD$6$6v$>?E__dnnB VUR89t
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((,F fdnnf =
j
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[$ntRt'9'9$'EF t$((2,)-" T=O=OUY ! [
[
v& gv ./
r c j || j v rit |t r#|D ] }| j j | n| j j | | j j | d|f}| j }||j vry|j j | }|j j | ||j k r!|j dz
|j z |_ |j j |j dz |j z dg y)z9does the work for clearstamp() and clearstamps()
rs Nr ) r r r r r r r rC indexrD rB insert)r stampidsubitemr bufr s r _clearstampzRawTurtle._clearstampO s doo %'5) & 1GKK''01 ##G, OO " "7 + !oo szz !
&
$ CGG ww{ckk1CG
37719ckk1D6:r c F | j | | j y)aD Delete stamp with given stampid
Argument:
stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
N)r r )r r s r r7 zRawTurtle.clearstampe s
! r c || j dd }n$|dk\ r| j d| }n| j |d }|D ] }| j | | j y)a Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps.
Optional argument:
n -- an integer
If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps,
else if n > 0 delete first n stamps
else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
...
>>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps()
Nr )r r r )r r toDeleter s r r8 zRawTurtle.clearstampst sd $
9q)H
!Vr*Hqr*H #D T " # r c
| j | j | j t | j t
f}| j }d| j ||| j | j dd |j | j | j dd ff}| j r| j j | | j }| j r1|j dk( r!||z
}|d |j z dz |d |j" z dz z }dt% |dz dd| j z z | j z z z }|d |z z } t' d| D ]t }
|
dk( rd
} nd } || |
z z | _ | j r?|j) | j* || j f| j | j | | j- v | j r)|j) | j* d d
| j | j r| j j/ | t | j t
r| j j/ | || _ | j0 r| j2 j/ | t5 | j dkD r| j7 | j- y)zMove the pen to the point end, thereby drawing a line
if pen is down. All other methods for turtle movement depend
on this one.
goNr r r r r 皙?r TFrp rp r rn r| * ) r; r9 r7 r r r r r r r r
r r rH r< r r r r r r r r r r r r
rc ) r r go_modesr
undo_entrystartdiffdiffsqnhopsdeltar r s r r zRawTurtle._goto sa ]]^^]] 57 DNNC++&&q) ''(<(<=jjm%
?? OO , ;;6??a/ID1gfmm+a/476==3H12LLFc63;C,<)=dkk)IJKKECI&E1e_
6 C C!&!2==$$T%9%9&+T^^%<%)^^T]]CI
}} !5!57G46dmm ! M == # #C ( dnnd + NN ! !# & JJ c " t 2 % MMO r c T |\ }}}}|\ }}}} |\ }
} } }
| j }t | j |z
dkD r t d |
| _ | | _ | ddgk( rd}n|}|j
|
| || | j D cg c] }||
vs|j | dk( r| }}|D ]. }|j | | j j | 0 |}| j r|j dk( r||z
}|d |j z d z |d |j z d z z }dt |dz d
d | j z z | j z z z }|d |z z }t! d| D ]V }|dk( rd
}nd}|||z z | _ |r+|j
| j" || j f||| | j% X |r |j
| j" dd| || _ | j& rOt) | j* dkD r| j* j- | j* g k( rd| _ d| _ | rH| j. g k( rd| _ t d n&| j. | j. j- | j% yc c}w )z)Reverse a _goto. Used for undo()
r z$undogoto: HALLO-DA-STIMMT-WAS-NICHT!rp r r r r r r r r r TFr Nz Unwahrscheinlich in _undogoto!)r r r r r r r r r r r r< r r r r r r r r r
r rJ r )r entryoldnewr coodatadrawingpcpsrC cLIcLr r r usepcr todeleter r r r r r r s r _undogotozRawTurtle._undogoto s ',#S(G#+ R $RU t~~# $s * 9 : "
&&! !EEbuB7 #zz D!aun(. Q6(A D D !A NN1 JJ a ! ;;6??a/9D1gfmm+a/476==3H12LLFc63;C,<)=dkk)IJKKECI&E1e_
6 C C!$uqy $$T%9%9&+T^^%<%'S2
!5!57G46b ! B
4::"
zzR %*" !
~~#!%67 +""$ YDs J%J%c $ | j r(| j j d|| j f || j z }| j j | }| j
j }|dk( r| j dkD rqd| j z }dt t | |z z }d|z |z }t | D ]2 }| j j | | _ | j 4 || _ | j y)z&Turns pen clockwise by angle.
rotr r g @r N) r rH r r r r r r< r r r r )r r neworientr anglevelr# r r s r r zRawTurtle._rotate
s ?? OO %0B0B!C D
###LL''. ++&& a<DKK!OT[[(HCJx /00EIeOE5\
#|| 2 25 9
! r c t | j dkD r| j j | j | j | j
| j | j j | _ | j j | j n'| j j | j d g | _ |r| j g| _ yy)zCloses current line item and starts a new one.
Remark: if current line became too long, animation
performance (via _drawline) slowed down considerably.
r T)r N) r
r r r r r9 r7 r r r r rp s r rc zRawTurtle._newLine
s
t 1 $ KK ! !$"6"68H8H&*nndmm
E#';;#:#:#<D JJ d 2 2 3 KK ! !$"6"6D ! A $ /D r c 6 t | j t S )a Return fillstate (True if filling, False else).
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> if turtle.filling():
... turtle.pensize(5)
... else:
... turtle.pensize(3)
)r r r r s r rC zRawTurtle.filling(
s $..$//r c v | j sD| j j | _ | j j | j | j g| _ | j | j r'| j j d| j f | j y)a Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("black", "red")
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.circle(60)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
beginfillN) rC r r r r r r r rc r rH r r s r r2 zRawTurtle.begin_fill6
sy ||~ ![[ 4 4 6DN JJ dnn - ..)
?? OO +t~~!> ? r c p | j rt | j dkD ro| j j | j
| j | j | j r'| j j d| j
f dx| _ | _ | j yy)a Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("black", "red")
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.circle(60)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
r r dofillN)
rC r
r r r r r: r rH r r s r r? zRawTurtle.end_fillK
s <<>4>>"Q& %%dnndnn+/?? & <??OO(((DNN)CD.2 2DNT^ LLN r c X |s}t |t t f r5| j | }| j t | j d z }nh| j }|sZ| j t | j d z }n6|#| j t | j d z }| j | }| j }| j r-| j j dg d| j _
| j dk( r| j | j | j | | j | | j! d | j | | j rd| j _
yy# | j | w xY w)a Draw a dot with diameter size, using color.
Optional arguments:
size -- an integer >= 1 (if given)
color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple
Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color.
If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
re Nr TrC r F)r r r r r7 r r9 rW r rH rE rb rN rY rZ rX rD )r r r: rW s r r= z
RawTurtle.dot_
s: $e - t,}}s4==!'<< ==3t}}a+@@D|}}s4==!'<<NN5)Ehhj ?? OO % )'+DOO $ F* LLN LL MM% LLO HHSM ??',DOO $
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| | j r | j j d|f |S )z)Performs the writing for write()
wri) r r r r9 r r r r rH )r r r r r r s r r zRawTurtle._write
sm KK&&t~~sE4:>..J c
$ ?? OO % /
r c T | j r-| j j dg d| j _ | j t | |j | }|r%| j
\ }}| j || | j rd| j _ yy)a Write text at the current turtle position.
Arguments:
arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen
move (optional) -- True/False
align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right"
font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)
Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current
turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right")
and with the given font.
If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner
of the text. By default, move is False.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center")
>>> turtle.write((0,0), True)
r TFN)r rH rE r r r7 r\ rf )r argmover r r r r s r r} zRawTurtle.write
s & ?? OO % )'+DOO $kk#c(EKKM48 88:DAq KKQ ??',DOO $ r c 6 | j g| _ d| _ y)a Start recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position
is first point of polygon.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_poly()
TN)r r r r s r r3 zRawTurtle.begin_poly
s nn%
!r c d| _ y)a7 Stop recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is
last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.end_poly()
FN)r r s r r@ zRawTurtle.end_poly
s #r c F | j t | j S y)zReturn the lastly recorded polygon.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> p = turtle.get_poly()
>>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
N)r r r s r rE zRawTurtle.get_poly
s" :: !$ $ "r c | j S )a Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
No argument.
Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
>>> ts
<turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770>
>>> ts.bgcolor("pink")
)r r s r rG zRawTurtle.getscreen
s {{r c | S )aU Return the Turtleobject itself.
No argument.
Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
Example:
>>> pet = getturtle()
>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
>>> turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
r r s r rI zRawTurtle.getturtle
s r c 8 | j j | S )zDSet delay value which determines speed of turtle animation.
)r r r s r r zRawTurtle._delay s {{ ''r c | j j | j j ||| | j y)a Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise
it will replace a former binding.
Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way:
>>> def turn(x, y):
... left(360)
...
>>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
>>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
N)r r r r} r r s r rS zRawTurtle.onclick s/ $
T[[ . .S#> r c | j j | j j ||| | j y)a Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe):
>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
... def glow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("red")
... def unglow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("")
...
>>> joe = MyTurtle()
>>> joe.onclick(joe.glow)
>>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow)
Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to
transparent.
N)r r r r} r r s r rU zRawTurtle.onrelease s/ ,
t{{ 0 0#sC@ r c h | j j | j j ||| y)a Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
mouse-click event on that turtle.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it
across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is
down).
N)r r r r} r s r rT zRawTurtle.ondrag5 s& $
DKK - -sC=r c | j y|dk( rB|\ }}| j | |z | j z | j j }y|dk( r|d }| j | y|dk( r| j | y|dv r<|d }| j j | | j j | y|dk( r%|d }| j j |dd d
y|d k( rY|d }dx| _ | _ || j v r7| j j | | j j | yy|d k( r4t j | |d | j j yy)
z2Does the main part of the work for undo()
Nr rs r r )r r= r r r r r rW )r r r rJ r7 r r r r r r r r r2 rW )r actionr; r degPAUdummyr r s r _undozRawTurtle._undoJ sk ?? " U? ME6 LL% t'9'99 :OO'')E
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!!$' " u_ HHT47 # OO ! r c | j y| j j }|d }|dd }|dk( r/|r,|j }| j |d |dd |r+yy| j || y)a undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
No argument.
undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of
the undobuffer.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(4):
... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
...
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.undo()
...
Nr r r )r rJ r )r r r r; s r ry zRawTurtle.undoj sy " ?? " ""$aABx U?xxz
47DH-
JJvt $r r r rf )NNNN)Frv )FrQ )Arialr^ rP r- );r r r r r r r/ ra ri rz r r6 r r r r r r r0 rt r9 rl rm ro rh rv ru rn r rH r r rs r r7 r8 r r r rc rC r2 r? r= r r} r3 r@ rE rG rI rF r rS rU rT r ry rx r r r r r sU G "G} $%5 6 i &P2,& - 1
A!$/*(+
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ON" K$,P+Z;,
83j?B$0 0 *()-V -: " # % " F(
*2>* "@%: Jr r c h t j t t _ t j S )zReturn the singleton screen object.
If none exists at the moment, create a new one and return it,
else return the existing one.)r _screenr r r r r
r
s! ~~ >>r c d e Zd ZdZdZed Zd Zed ed ed ed fdZd Z d
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r Nr* c t t j ht xt _ | _ | j j t j | j j | j t j t d }t d }t d }t d }t d }t d }| j j |||| | j j t _ t j | t j | j |||| y y )Nr| r r r r r )r _rootrh r* _titler| _destroyr4 r rp rr r r/ r' )r r| r r r r r s r r/ z_Screen.__init__ s == ). 0GMDJ JJ W^^ , JJ / ?? "ME(^F [)I l+J [)I [)I JJ " "5&)Z H "jj 3 3 5GO ! !$ 8 JJufi ; #r r| r r r c t | j d sy| j j }| j j }t |t
rd|cxk rdk rn n||z }|||z
dz }t |t
rd|cxk rdk rn n||z }|||z
dz }| j j
|||| | j y)a Set the size and position of the main window.
Arguments:
width: as integer a size in pixels, as float a fraction of the screen.
Default is 50% of screen.
height: as integer the height in pixels, as float a fraction of the
screen. Default is 75% of screen.
startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the left
edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge
Default, startx=None is to center window horizontally.
starty: if positive, starting position in pixels from the top
edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge
Default, starty=None is to center window vertically.
Examples (for a Screen instance named screen):
>>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0)
sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen
>>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)
sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers
rw Nr r r )hasattrr r r r r rw r- )r r| r ru rv r shs r r' z
_Screen.setup s 2 tzz>2
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r c x t j t j j | |t _ y)aq Set title of turtle-window
Argument:
titlestring -- a string, to appear in the titlebar of the
turtle graphics window.
This is a method of Screen-class. Not available for TurtleScreen-
objects.
Example (for a Screen instance named screen):
>>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle-zoo!")
N)r r r* r )r titlestrings r r* z
_Screen.title s' == $ MM ,$r c | j }|t j u r,d t _ d t _ d t _ d t _ dt _ |j y )NF) r r r r r r4 r r r{ )r roots r r z_Screen._destroy sD zz 7== FK !FN GM "GO % r c $ | j y)z~Shut the turtlegraphics window.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.bye()
N)r r s r r z _Screen.bye s
r c fd} j | t d ry t y# t $ r t d Y yw xY w)al Go into mainloop until the mouse is clicked.
No arguments.
Bind bye() method to mouseclick on TurtleScreen.
If "using_IDLE" - value in configuration dictionary is False
(default value), enter mainloop.
If IDLE with -n switch (no subprocess) is used, this value should be
set to True in turtle.cfg. In this case IDLE's mainloop
is active also for the client script.
This is a method of the Screen-class and not available for
TurtleScreen instances.
Example (for a Screen instance named screen):
>>> screen.exitonclick()
c & j y)z&Screen.bye() with two dummy-parametersN)r )r r r s r exitGracefullyz+_Screen.exitonclick.<locals>.exitGracefully
s HHJr r Nr )rS r r AttributeErrorexit)r r' s ` r r z_Screen.exitonclick sA &
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']F<" w-X+&tK/@&P%" r r c 8 e Zd ZdZdZdZed ed ed fdZy)r zRawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas.
When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some
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Nrl r r c t j t t _ t j | t j ||| y )N)rl r r )r r r
r r/ )r rl r r s r r/ zTurtle.__init__ s; >> ! #XFN4 !&*8#* ,r )r r r r r r r r/ r r r r r s1
DG G} $%5 6 i ,r r c f i }t D ] }d|z }t | j ||< ! t D ] }d|z }t | j ||< ! t d| z d 5 }t d |D }|j
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d |j ddd y# 1 sw Y yxY w)
a Create and write docstring-dictionary to file.
Optional argument:
filename -- a string, used as filename
default value is turtle_docstringdict
Has to be called explicitly, (not used by the turtle-graphics classes)
The docstring dictionary will be written to the Python script <filename>.py
It is intended to serve as a template for translation of the docstrings
into different languages.
z_Screen.zTurtle.z%s.pyr c 3 T K | ] }|j d d t vr| " yw)r r N)r _alias_list)r r s r r z&write_docstringdict.<locals>.<genexpr>A s+ =A a ; =s &(zdocsdict = {
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d|z Y 3w xY w)zRead in docstrings from lang-specific docstring dictionary.
Transfer docstrings, translated to lang, from a dictionary-file
to the methods of classes Screen and Turtle and - in revised form -
to the corresponding functions.
z!turtle_docstringdict_%(language)sr zBad docstring-entry: %sN)r7
__import__r3 r r r r )langmodnamemoduler3 r s r read_docstringsr: M so 2Z
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DI 3 3 +c1 2 3s A A#"A#zCannot find docsdict forz;Unknown Error when trying to import %s-docstring-dictionaryc t j | }|j t |j j dd }g }|j j D ]B }|j xxt j j k( rn xt j j k( rn n |j |j lxt j j k( r |j d|j xt j j k( r, |j |j d|j t j j k( r |j d|j . t d|j dd j! | d
}t# | |fS ) a? Get strings describing the arguments for the given object
Returns a pair of strings representing function parameter lists
including parenthesis. The first string is suitable for use in
function definition and the second is suitable for use in function
call. The "self" parameter is not included.
r N)
parameters*r z**zUnsupported parameter kind(z, ))inspect signaturereplacer r< valueskind ParameterPOSITIONAL_ONLYPOSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORDr r VAR_POSITIONAL KEYWORD_ONLY VAR_KEYWORD RuntimeErrorr r )oborig_sigfunc_sig call_argsparam call_texts r getmethparlistrR j sy $H ++2245ab9 H I$$++- Mjj:1!!119'##99: ,1""11 1UZZL!12/""// EJJ<q !=>"".. 2ejj\!23"#?LL M DIIi()+I x=) ##r c ddl }| yt d }| j d|z d }|j d|z }|j d| }|S )z<To reduce docstrings from RawTurtle class for functions
r Nr %s.r \(.+ %s\)::rer rB compilesub)docstrrX
turtlename newdocstrparexps r _turtle_docreviser_ W
~o&Juz 1"5I
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3 *I r c ddl }| yt d }| j d|z d }|j d|z }|j d| }|S )z?To reduce docstrings from TurtleScreen class for functions
r Nr rT r rU rV rW )r[ rX
screennamer] r^ s r _screen_docreviserc r` r ar def {name}{paramslist}:
if {obj} is None:
if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
raise Terminator
{obj} = {init}
try:
return {obj}.{name}{argslist}
except TK.TclError:
if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING:
TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True
raise Terminator
raise
c | D ] }t || }t | \ }}|dk( rt d|| 0t j ||||| } t | t
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