python (3.11.7)
eY v U d Z g dZddlZddlZddlZddlZddlmZ ddlm Z ddl
m Z m Z ddl
mZmZ ddlmZmZmZmZmZmZmZmZ dd lmZ dd
lmZ dd l m Z m Z m Z ed Z G d
de! Z"d Z#d?dZ$d Z%d Z&d Z'd Z(d@dZ)de*de*de*fdZ+dej, j- z d z Z.e*e/d < de*de*de0fd Z1de*de*de fd Z2d Z3d?d!Z4d" Z5d?d#Z6d$ Z7d% Z8d& Z9dAd(Z:d) Z;d* Z<d+d,d-d.Z=d?d/Z>d?d0Z?d?d1Z@d?d2ZAd3 ZBd4 ZCd5 ZD e d6d7 ZEd8d9d:ZFd; ZG dd<lHmGZG n # eI$ r Y nw xY w G d= d> ZJdS )Ba
Basic statistics module.
This module provides functions for calculating statistics of data, including
averages, variance, and standard deviation.
Calculating averages
--------------------
================== ==================================================
Function Description
================== ==================================================
mean Arithmetic mean (average) of data.
fmean Fast, floating point arithmetic mean.
geometric_mean Geometric mean of data.
harmonic_mean Harmonic mean of data.
median Median (middle value) of data.
median_low Low median of data.
median_high High median of data.
median_grouped Median, or 50th percentile, of grouped data.
mode Mode (most common value) of data.
multimode List of modes (most common values of data).
quantiles Divide data into intervals with equal probability.
================== ==================================================
Calculate the arithmetic mean ("the average") of data:
>>> mean([-1.0, 2.5, 3.25, 5.75])
2.625
Calculate the standard median of discrete data:
>>> median([2, 3, 4, 5])
3.5
Calculate the median, or 50th percentile, of data grouped into class intervals
centred on the data values provided. E.g. if your data points are rounded to
the nearest whole number:
>>> median_grouped([2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4]) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
2.8333333333...
This should be interpreted in this way: you have two data points in the class
interval 1.5-2.5, three data points in the class interval 2.5-3.5, and one in
the class interval 3.5-4.5. The median of these data points is 2.8333...
Calculating variability or spread
---------------------------------
================== =============================================
Function Description
================== =============================================
pvariance Population variance of data.
variance Sample variance of data.
pstdev Population standard deviation of data.
stdev Sample standard deviation of data.
================== =============================================
Calculate the standard deviation of sample data:
>>> stdev([2.5, 3.25, 5.5, 11.25, 11.75]) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
4.38961843444...
If you have previously calculated the mean, you can pass it as the optional
second argument to the four "spread" functions to avoid recalculating it:
>>> data = [1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6]
>>> mu = mean(data)
>>> pvariance(data, mu)
2.5
Statistics for relations between two inputs
-------------------------------------------
================== ====================================================
Function Description
================== ====================================================
covariance Sample covariance for two variables.
correlation Pearson's correlation coefficient for two variables.
linear_regression Intercept and slope for simple linear regression.
================== ====================================================
Calculate covariance, Pearson's correlation, and simple linear regression
for two inputs:
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> y = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> covariance(x, y)
0.75
>>> correlation(x, y) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
0.31622776601...
>>> linear_regression(x, y) #doctest:
LinearRegression(slope=0.1, intercept=1.5)
Exceptions
----------
A single exception is defined: StatisticsError is a subclass of ValueError.
)
NormalDistStatisticsError correlation
covariancefmeangeometric_mean
harmonic_meanlinear_regressionmeanmedianmedian_grouped median_high
median_lowmode multimodepstdev pvariance quantilesstdevvariance NFraction)Decimal)groupbyrepeat) bisect_left bisect_right)hypotsqrtfabsexperftaulogfsum)reduce)mul)Counter
namedtuple defaultdict @c e Zd ZdS )r N)__name__
__module__ __qualname__ >/BuggyBox/python/3.11.7/bootstrap/lib/python3.11/statistics.pyr r s Dr1 r c d}t }|j }i }|j }t | t D ]B\ }} || t t | D ] \ }} |dz
} || d |z || < Cd|v r |d }
n+t d | D }
t t |t } | |
|fS )a _sum(data) -> (type, sum, count)
Return a high-precision sum of the given numeric data as a fraction,
together with the type to be converted to and the count of items.
Examples
--------
>>> _sum([3, 2.25, 4.5, -0.5, 0.25])
(<class 'float'>, Fraction(19, 2), 5)
Some sources of round-off error will be avoided:
# Built-in sum returns zero.
>>> _sum([1e50, 1, -1e50] * 1000)
(<class 'float'>, Fraction(1000, 1), 3000)
Fractions and Decimals are also supported:
>>> from fractions import Fraction as F
>>> _sum([F(2, 3), F(7, 5), F(1, 4), F(5, 6)])
(<class 'fractions.Fraction'>, Fraction(63, 20), 4)
>>> from decimal import Decimal as D
>>> data = [D("0.1375"), D("0.2108"), D("0.3061"), D("0.0419")]
>>> _sum(data)
(<class 'decimal.Decimal'>, Fraction(6963, 10000), 4)
Mixed types are currently treated as an error, except that int is
allowed.
r Nc 3 < K | ]\ }}t || V d S Nr .0dns r2 <genexpr>z_sum.<locals>.<genexpr> s. @@tq!HQNN@@@@@@r1 ) setaddgetr typemap _exact_ratiosumitemsr& _coerceint) datacounttypes types_addpartials partials_gettypvaluesr: r9 totalTs r2 _sumrP s @
E EEE IH<L tT** 1 1 V # f-- 1 1DAq QJE&,q!,,q0HQKK 1 x @@x~~/?/?@@@@@ws##A
ue r1 c &t fd| D \ }}}|||fS d}t }|j }t t }t t }t | t D ]S\ } }
|| t t |
D ]-\ } |dz
}|xx | z
cc< |xx | | z z
cc< .T|st d x}nxd|v r |d x}nit d | D } t d | D }
||
z | | z z
|z }| |z t t |t }|||fS )a3 Return the exact mean and sum of square deviations of sequence data.
Calculations are done in a single pass, allowing the input to be an iterator.
If given *c* is used the mean; otherwise, it is calculated from the data.
Use the *c* argument with care, as it can lead to garbage results.
Nc 3 , K | ]}|z
xz V d S r6 r0 )r8 xcr9 s r2 r; z_ss.<locals>.<genexpr> s0 < <!1q5jaA - < < < < < <r1 r r4 c 3 < K | ]\ }}t || V d S r6 r r7 s r2 r; z_ss.<locals>.<genexpr> s. @@DAq!Q @@@@@@r1 c 3 B K | ]\ }}t |||z V d S r6 r r7 s r2 r; z_ss.<locals>.<genexpr> s4 DDtq!(1ac""DDDDDDr1 )rP r< r= r* rE r r? r@ rA r rB rC r& rD )rF rT rO ssdrG rH rI sx_partials sxx_partialsrL rM r: sxsxxr9 s ` @r2 _ssr\ s } < < < < <t < < <<<
335!!
E EEE I c""K s##L tT** % % V # f-- % %DAq QJE NNNa NNN OOOq1u $OOOO %
1++ aa
d##aa @@K,=,=,?,?@@@
@
@DD|/A/A/C/CDDDDD s{R"W$- Jws##A
sAu r1 c t | S # t $ r t j | cY S w xY wr6 ) is_finiteAttributeErrormathisfinite)rS s r2 _isfiniterb sF {{}} }Q s 77c | |u r| S |t u s |t u r| S | t u r|S t || r|S t | | r| S t | t r|S t |t r| S t | t rt |t r|S t | t rt |t r| S d}t || j |j fz )zCoerce types T and S to a common type, or raise TypeError.
Coercion rules are currently an implementation detail. See the CoerceTest
test class in test_statistics for details.
z"don't know how to coerce %s and %s)rE bool
issubclassr float TypeErrorr- )rO Smsgs r2 rD rD s AvvqCxx199axCxx(!Q"(!Q"(!S$1H!S$1H!X :a#7#7 !U
1h 7 7
.C
C1:qz22
3
33r1 c | S # t $ r Y nt t f$ r | dfcY S w xY w | j | j fS # t $ r( dt
| j d}t | w xY w)zReturn Real number x to exact (numerator, denominator) pair.
>>> _exact_ratio(0.25)
(1, 4)
x is expected to be an int, Fraction, Decimal or float.
Nzcan't convert type 'z' to numerator/denominator) as_integer_ratior_
OverflowError
ValueError numerator denominatorr? r- rg )rS ri s r2 rA rA s <!!###
: & 4y Q]++ QT!WW%5QQQnn s
999
A 2A=c t | |u r| S t |t r| j dk rt } || S # t
$ r: t |t r# || j || j z cY S w xY w)z&Convert value to given numeric type T.r4 )r? re rE ro rf rg r rn )valuerO s r2 _convertrr M s E{{a !S e /1 4 4 qxx a ! ! 1U_%%%*;(<(<< < < < s
A A B B negative valuec # F K | D ]}|dk rt | |V dS )z7Iterate over values, failing if any are less than zero.r N)r )rM errmsgrS s r2 _fail_negrv _ sA
q55!&)) ) r1 r: mreturnc N t j | |z }|||z |z | k z S )zFSquare root of n/m, rounded to the nearest integer using round-to-odd.)r` isqrt)r: rw as r2 _integer_sqrt_of_frac_rtor| g s.
16A !A
r1 _sqrt_bit_widthc | | z
t z
dz }|dk r t | |d|z z |z }d}n t | d|z z | }d| z }||z S )z1Square root of n/m as a float, correctly rounded.r} r r4 )
bit_lengthr r| )r: rw qrn ro s r2 _float_sqrt_of_fracr s s
!,,.. (? :q@AAvv-aa!e<<A -a26k1== A2g { ""r1 c | dk r| st d S | | }} t | t | z }| \ }}| }| \ }}d| z ||z dz z |||z ||z z dz z k r|S | }| \ } }
d| z ||
z dz z ||| z |
|z z dz z k r|S |S )z3Square root of n/m as a Decimal, correctly rounded.r z0.0 r} )r r rk next_plus
next_minus) r: rw rootnrdrplusnpdpminusnmdms r2 _decimal_sqrt_of_fracr s
Avv "5>> !rA21 AJJ # ) ) + +D
"
"
$
$FB >> D
"
"
$
$FB1u2zABB 2 222 OO E
#
#
%
%FB1u2zABB 2 222 Kr1 c x t | \ }}}|dk rt d t ||z | S )a Return the sample arithmetic mean of data.
>>> mean([1, 2, 3, 4, 4])
2.8
>>> from fractions import Fraction as F
>>> mean([F(3, 7), F(1, 21), F(5, 3), F(1, 3)])
Fraction(13, 21)
>>> from decimal import Decimal as D
>>> mean([D("0.5"), D("0.75"), D("0.625"), D("0.375")])
Decimal('0.5625')
If ``data`` is empty, StatisticsError will be raised.
r4 z%mean requires at least one data point)rP r rr )rF rO rN r: s r2 r
r
sA t**KAua1uu EFFF EAIq ! !!r1 c t | n"# t $ r dfd} || } Y nw xY w|%t | }st d |z S t | }n.# t $ r! t | }t | }Y nw xY wt t t | | }|k rt d t | }|st d ||z S )zConvert data to floats and compute the arithmetic mean.
This runs faster than the mean() function and it always returns a float.
If the input dataset is empty, it raises a StatisticsError.
>>> fmean([3.5, 4.0, 5.25])
4.25
r c 3 B K t | d D ] \ }|V
d S )Nr4 )start) enumerate)iterablerS r: s r2 rG zfmean.<locals>.count s< !(!444
1
r1 Nz&fmean requires at least one data pointz(data and weights must be the same lengthz sum of weights must be non-zero)lenrg r% r listr@ r' )rF weightsrG rN num_weightsnumdenr: s @r2 r r s> II
uT{{ T
L!"JKK Kqy#'ll # # #w--'ll # s3g&&
'
'CK HIII
w--C A ?@@@ 9s 22 A- -(BBc t t t t | S # t $ r t d dw xY w)aY Convert data to floats and compute the geometric mean.
Raises a StatisticsError if the input dataset is empty,
if it contains a zero, or if it contains a negative value.
No special efforts are made to achieve exact results.
(However, this may change in the future.)
>>> round(geometric_mean([54, 24, 36]), 9)
36.0
zGgeometric mean requires a non-empty dataset containing positive numbersN)r! r r@ r$ rm r )rF s r2 r r s` G5S$ (())) G G G < = =BF GGs .1 A c , t | | u rt | } d}t | }|dk rt d |dk rQ|O| d }t |t
j t f r|dk rt | |S t d |t d| }|}nmt | |u rt | }t | |k rt d t d t || D \ }}} t | | } t d t || D \ }}} n# t $ r Y dS w xY w|dk rt d
t ||z | S ) a Return the harmonic mean of data.
The harmonic mean is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the
reciprocals of the data. It can be used for averaging ratios or
rates, for example speeds.
Suppose a car travels 40 km/hr for 5 km and then speeds-up to
60 km/hr for another 5 km. What is the average speed?
>>> harmonic_mean([40, 60])
48.0
Suppose a car travels 40 km/hr for 5 km, and when traffic clears,
speeds-up to 60 km/hr for the remaining 30 km of the journey. What
is the average speed?
>>> harmonic_mean([40, 60], weights=[5, 30])
56.0
If ``data`` is empty, or any element is less than zero,
``harmonic_mean`` will raise ``StatisticsError``.
z.harmonic mean does not support negative valuesr4 z.harmonic_mean requires at least one data pointNr zunsupported typez*Number of weights does not match data sizec 3 K | ]}|V d S r6 r0 )r8 ws r2 r; z harmonic_mean.<locals>.<genexpr> s" G Gq G G G G G Gr1 c 3 . K | ]\ }}|r||z nd V dS )r Nr0 )r8 r rS s r2 r; z harmonic_mean.<locals>.<genexpr> s3 P PTQ 0q1uuq P P P P P Pr1 z Weighted sum must be positive)iterr r r
isinstancenumbersRealr rg r rP rv zipZeroDivisionErrorrr )
rF r ru r: rS sum_weights_rO rN rG s
r2 r r s . DzzTDzz
=F D A1uu NOOO
aGO G a',0 1 1 01uu%f---H .// /A,, ==G # #7mmG w<<1 !"NOO O G GIgv,F,F G G G G G;v&& P PS$=O=O P P PPP5%% qq zz =>>> K%' + ++s !;E
E+*E+c t | } t | }|dk rt d |dz dk r | |dz S |dz }| |dz
| | z dz S )aB Return the median (middle value) of numeric data.
When the number of data points is odd, return the middle data point.
When the number of data points is even, the median is interpolated by
taking the average of the two middle values:
>>> median([1, 3, 5])
3
>>> median([1, 3, 5, 7])
4.0
r no median for empty datar} r4 sortedr r )rF r: is r2 r r % sr $<<D D AAvv 89991uzzAF|
FQU d1g%**r1 c t | } t | }|dk rt d |dz dk r | |dz S | |dz dz
S )a Return the low median of numeric data.
When the number of data points is odd, the middle value is returned.
When it is even, the smaller of the two middle values is returned.
>>> median_low([1, 3, 5])
3
>>> median_low([1, 3, 5, 7])
3
r r r} r4 r rF r: s r2 r r = s` $<<D D AAvv 89991uzzAF|AFQJ r1 c ~ t | } t | }|dk rt d | |dz S )a Return the high median of data.
When the number of data points is odd, the middle value is returned.
When it is even, the larger of the two middle values is returned.
>>> median_high([1, 3, 5])
3
>>> median_high([1, 3, 5, 7])
5
r r r} r r s r2 r
r
S s@ $<<D D AAvv 8999 Q<r1 ?c t t | } t | }|st d | |dz }t | | }t | || } t | }t | }n # t $ r t d w xY w||dz z
}|}||z
}|||dz |z
z |z z S )a Estimates the median for numeric data binned around the midpoints
of consecutive, fixed-width intervals.
The *data* can be any iterable of numeric data with each value being
exactly the midpoint of a bin. At least one value must be present.
The *interval* is width of each bin.
For example, demographic information may have been summarized into
consecutive ten-year age groups with each group being represented
by the 5-year midpoints of the intervals:
>>> demographics = Counter({
... 25: 172, # 20 to 30 years old
... 35: 484, # 30 to 40 years old
... 45: 387, # 40 to 50 years old
... 55: 22, # 50 to 60 years old
... 65: 6, # 60 to 70 years old
... })
The 50th percentile (median) is the 536th person out of the 1071
member cohort. That person is in the 30 to 40 year old age group.
The regular median() function would assume that everyone in the
tricenarian age group was exactly 35 years old. A more tenable
assumption is that the 484 members of that age group are evenly
distributed between 30 and 40. For that, we use median_grouped().
>>> data = list(demographics.elements())
>>> median(data)
35
>>> round(median_grouped(data, interval=10), 1)
37.5
The caller is responsible for making sure the data points are separated
by exact multiples of *interval*. This is essential for getting a
correct result. The function does not check this precondition.
Inputs may be any numeric type that can be coerced to a float during
the interpolation step.
r r} )loz$Value cannot be converted to a floatr+ )r r r r r rf rm rg ) rF intervalr: rS r jLcffs r2 r r f s V $<<D D A : 8999
Q!V A D! AT1###AA?? !HH A A A?@@@A
HsNA
B AA x1q52:&* **s A= =Bc t t | d } |d d S # t $ r t d dw xY w)ax Return the most common data point from discrete or nominal data.
``mode`` assumes discrete data, and returns a single value. This is the
standard treatment of the mode as commonly taught in schools:
>>> mode([1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4])
3
This also works with nominal (non-numeric) data:
>>> mode(["red", "blue", "blue", "red", "green", "red", "red"])
'red'
If there are multiple modes with same frequency, return the first one
encountered:
>>> mode(['red', 'red', 'green', 'blue', 'blue'])
'red'
If *data* is empty, ``mode``, raises StatisticsError.
r4 r zno mode for empty dataN)r( r most_common
IndexErrorr )rF pairss r2 r r si .
DJJ + +A . .EBQx{ B B B 677TABs
? Ac t t | }|sg S t | fd| D S )a. Return a list of the most frequently occurring values.
Will return more than one result if there are multiple modes
or an empty list if *data* is empty.
>>> multimode('aabbbbbbbbcc')
['b']
>>> multimode('aabbbbccddddeeffffgg')
['b', 'd', 'f']
>>> multimode('')
[]
c & g | ]
\ }}|k |S r0 r0 )r8 rq rG maxcounts r2
<listcomp>z multimode.<locals>.<listcomp> s' J J JleU8I8IE8I8I8Ir1 )r( r maxrM rC )rF countsr s @r2 r r s\ T$ZZ
F 6==??##H J J J Jfllnn J J JJr1 r exclusive)r: methodc |dk rt d t | } t | }|dk rt d |dk rg|dz
}g }t d| D ]M}t ||z | \ }}| | ||z
z | |dz |z z |z } | | N|S |dk r||dz }g }t d| D ]b}||z |z }|dk rdn||dz
k r|dz
n|}||z ||z z
}| |dz
||z
z | | |z z |z } | | c|S t
d| )a Divide *data* into *n* continuous intervals with equal probability.
Returns a list of (n - 1) cut points separating the intervals.
Set *n* to 4 for quartiles (the default). Set *n* to 10 for deciles.
Set *n* to 100 for percentiles which gives the 99 cuts points that
separate *data* in to 100 equal sized groups.
The *data* can be any iterable containing sample.
The cut points are linearly interpolated between data points.
If *method* is set to *inclusive*, *data* is treated as population
data. The minimum value is treated as the 0th percentile and the
maximum value is treated as the 100th percentile.
r4 zn must be at least 1r} z"must have at least two data points inclusiver zUnknown method: )r r r rangedivmodappendrm )
rF r: r ldrw resultr r delta interpolateds
r2 r r s 1uu 4555 $<<D TB Avv BCCC
Fq! ( (A a!eQ''HAu Gq5y 1DQK%4G G1LL MM, ' ' ' '
Fq! ( (AA
AUUBqD1aAaC!A#IE QK1u9 5Q% G1LL MM, ' ' ' '
222
3
33r1 c t | | \ }}}}|dk rt d t ||dz
z | S )a Return the sample variance of data.
data should be an iterable of Real-valued numbers, with at least two
values. The optional argument xbar, if given, should be the mean of
the data. If it is missing or None, the mean is automatically calculated.
Use this function when your data is a sample from a population. To
calculate the variance from the entire population, see ``pvariance``.
Examples:
>>> data = [2.75, 1.75, 1.25, 0.25, 0.5, 1.25, 3.5]
>>> variance(data)
1.3720238095238095
If you have already calculated the mean of your data, you can pass it as
the optional second argument ``xbar`` to avoid recalculating it:
>>> m = mean(data)
>>> variance(data, m)
1.3720238095238095
This function does not check that ``xbar`` is actually the mean of
``data``. Giving arbitrary values for ``xbar`` may lead to invalid or
impossible results.
Decimals and Fractions are supported:
>>> from decimal import Decimal as D
>>> variance([D("27.5"), D("30.25"), D("30.25"), D("34.5"), D("41.75")])
Decimal('31.01875')
>>> from fractions import Fraction as F
>>> variance([F(1, 6), F(1, 2), F(5, 3)])
Fraction(67, 108)
r} z*variance requires at least two data pointsr4 r\ r rr )rF xbarrO ssrT r: s r2 r r 6 sJ L dD//KAr1a1uu JKKK B!a%L! $ $$r1 c | t | | \ }}}}|dk rt d t ||z | S )a, Return the population variance of ``data``.
data should be a sequence or iterable of Real-valued numbers, with at least one
value. The optional argument mu, if given, should be the mean of
the data. If it is missing or None, the mean is automatically calculated.
Use this function to calculate the variance from the entire population.
To estimate the variance from a sample, the ``variance`` function is
usually a better choice.
Examples:
>>> data = [0.0, 0.25, 0.25, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.75, 3.25]
>>> pvariance(data)
1.25
If you have already calculated the mean of the data, you can pass it as
the optional second argument to avoid recalculating it:
>>> mu = mean(data)
>>> pvariance(data, mu)
1.25
Decimals and Fractions are supported:
>>> from decimal import Decimal as D
>>> pvariance([D("27.5"), D("30.25"), D("30.25"), D("34.5"), D("41.75")])
Decimal('24.815')
>>> from fractions import Fraction as F
>>> pvariance([F(1, 4), F(5, 4), F(1, 2)])
Fraction(13, 72)
r4 z*pvariance requires at least one data pointr )rF murO r rT r: s r2 r r b sF F dB--KAr1a1uu JKKK BFA r1 c t | | \ }}}}|dk rt d ||dz
z }t |t rt |j |j S t |j |j S )zReturn the square root of the sample variance.
See ``variance`` for arguments and other details.
>>> stdev([1.5, 2.5, 2.5, 2.75, 3.25, 4.75])
1.0810874155219827
r} 'stdev requires at least two data pointsr4 r\ r re r r rn ro r )rF r rO r rT r: msss r2 r r sy dD//KAr1a1uu GHHH
A,C!W E$S]CODDD s}co > >>r1 c t | | \ }}}}|dk rt d ||z }t |t rt |j |j S t |j |j S )zReturn the square root of the population variance.
See ``pvariance`` for arguments and other details.
>>> pstdev([1.5, 2.5, 2.5, 2.75, 3.25, 4.75])
0.986893273527251
r4 z'pstdev requires at least one data pointr )rF r rO r rT r: r s r2 r r su dB--KAr1a1uu GHHH
q&C!W E$S]CODDD s}co > >>r1 c 4 t | \ }}}}|dk rt d ||dz
z } t | t |j |j fS # t $ r1 t | t | t | z fcY S w xY w)zFIn one pass, compute the mean and sample standard deviation as floats.r} r r4 )r\ r rf r rn ro r_ )rF rO r r r: r s r2 _mean_stdevr s YYNAr41uu GHHH
A,C4T{{ /
s O OOO 4 4 4T{{E$KK%)) 333334s (A 8BBc > t | }t | |k rt d |dk rt d t | |z t | |z t fdt | | D }||dz
z S )ap Covariance
Return the sample covariance of two inputs *x* and *y*. Covariance
is a measure of the joint variability of two inputs.
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> y = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> covariance(x, y)
0.75
>>> z = [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
>>> covariance(x, z)
-7.5
>>> covariance(z, x)
-7.5
zDcovariance requires that both inputs have same number of data pointsr} z,covariance requires at least two data pointsc 3 4 K | ]\ }}|z
|z
z V d S r6 r0 r8 xiyir ybars r2 r; z covariance.<locals>.<genexpr> 4 AAVRT b4i(AAAAAAr1 r4 )r r r% r )rS yr: sxyr r s @@r2 r r s " AA
1vv{{ deee1uu LMMM 77Q;D 77Q;D
AAAAAs1ayyAAA
A
AC !a%=r1 c t | }t | |k rt d |dk rt d t | |z t | |z t fdt | | D }t fd| D }t fd|D } |t ||z z S # t
$ r t d w xY w)a Pearson's correlation coefficient
Return the Pearson's correlation coefficient for two inputs. Pearson's
correlation coefficient *r* takes values between -1 and +1. It measures the
strength and direction of the linear relationship, where +1 means very
strong, positive linear relationship, -1 very strong, negative linear
relationship, and 0 no linear relationship.
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> y = [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
>>> correlation(x, x)
1.0
>>> correlation(x, y)
-1.0
zEcorrelation requires that both inputs have same number of data pointsr} z-correlation requires at least two data pointsc 3 4 K | ]\ }}|z
|z
z V d S r6 r0 r s r2 r; z correlation.<locals>.<genexpr> r r1 c 3 , K | ]}|z
xz V d S r6 r0 r8 r r9 r s r2 r; z correlation.<locals>.<genexpr> 0 00R$Y!#000000r1 c 3 , K | ]}|z
xz V d S r6 r0 )r8 r r9 r s r2 r; z correlation.<locals>.<genexpr> r r1 z&at least one of the inputs is constant)r r r% r r r ) rS r r: r r[ syyr9 r r s @@@r2 r r s& " AA
1vv{{ efff1uu MNNN 77Q;D 77Q;D
AAAAAs1ayyAAA
A
AC
00000a000
0
0C
00000a000
0
0CHT#)__$$ H H H FGGGHs C& &D LinearRegressionslope interceptF) proportionalc p
t | }t | |k rt d |dk rt d |rAt d t | | D }t d | D }njt | |z t | |z
t
fdt | | D }t fd| D } ||z }n # t $ r t d w xY w|rd n
| z z
}t ||
S ) a Slope and intercept for simple linear regression.
Return the slope and intercept of simple linear regression
parameters estimated using ordinary least squares. Simple linear
regression describes relationship between an independent variable
*x* and a dependent variable *y* in terms of a linear function:
y = slope * x + intercept + noise
where *slope* and *intercept* are the regression parameters that are
estimated, and noise represents the variability of the data that was
not explained by the linear regression (it is equal to the
difference between predicted and actual values of the dependent
variable).
The parameters are returned as a named tuple.
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> noise = NormalDist().samples(5, seed=42)
>>> y = [3 * x[i] + 2 + noise[i] for i in range(5)]
>>> linear_regression(x, y) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
LinearRegression(slope=3.09078914170..., intercept=1.75684970486...)
If *proportional* is true, the independent variable *x* and the
dependent variable *y* are assumed to be directly proportional.
The data is fit to a line passing through the origin.
Since the *intercept* will always be 0.0, the underlying linear
function simplifies to:
y = slope * x + noise
>>> y = [3 * x[i] + noise[i] for i in range(5)]
>>> linear_regression(x, y, proportional=True) #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
LinearRegression(slope=3.02447542484..., intercept=0.0)
zKlinear regression requires that both inputs have same number of data pointsr} z3linear regression requires at least two data pointsc 3 & K | ] \ }}||z V
d S r6 r0 )r8 r r s r2 r; z$linear_regression.<locals>.<genexpr>/ s* 33vr227333333r1 c 3 K | ] }||z V
d S r6 r0 )r8 r s r2 r; z$linear_regression.<locals>.<genexpr>0 s& ''r27''''''r1 c 3 4 K | ]\ }}|z
|z
z V d S r6 r0 r s r2 r; z$linear_regression.<locals>.<genexpr>4 s4 EERBI"t),EEEEEEr1 c 3 , K | ]}|z
xz V d S r6 r0 r s r2 r; z$linear_regression.<locals>.<genexpr>5 s0 44BdNAa'444444r1 z
x is constant r )r r r% r r r ) rS r r r: r r[ r r r9 r r s @@@r2 r r sf L AA
1vv{{ klll1uu STTT 533Q33333''Q'''''Aww{Aww{EEEEE3q!99EEEEE44444!44444/c / / / o.../#< )<I %9 = = ==s 8C> >Dc | dz
}t | dk rpd||z z
}d|z dz |z dz |z dz |z dz |z d z |z d
z |z d z |z }d |z d
z |z dz |z dz |z dz |z dz |z dz |z dz }||z }|||z z S |dk r| nd| z
}t t | }|dk r^|dz
}d|z dz |z dz |z dz |z dz |z d z |z d z |z d z }d |z d z |z d!z |z d"z |z d#z |z d$z |z d%z |z dz }n]|dz
}d&|z d'z |z d(z |z d)z |z d*z |z d+z |z d,z |z d-z }d.|z d/z |z d0z |z d1z |z d2z |z d3z |z d4z |z dz }||z }|dk r| }|||z z S )5N ?g333333?g Q ?g^}o)@gE.kR@g U l@g*u>l@g N@g"]Ξ@gnC`@gu @giK~j@gv|E@gd|1@gfRr@gu.2@g~y@gn8(E@r r g @g?g鬷ZaI?ggElD?g7\?guSS?g=.
@gj%b@gHw@gjRe?g9dh?
>g('߿A?g~z ?g@3?gɅ3?g3fRx?gIFl @gt>g*Yn>gESB\T?gN;A+?gUR1?gE F?gPn@g&>@gi<g@F>gtcI,\>gŝI?g*F2v?gC4?gO1?)r r r$ )pr sigmar rr r rS s r2 _normal_dist_inv_cdfr A s
CA Aww% q1u 0140145601456 11 566 1 1 56 6
1 1
56 6 1
1 56
6 11 566 1140145601456 11 566 1 1 56 6
1 1
56 6 1
1 56
6
#IQY
#XX37A c!ffW
ACxx
G1A51256712567 22 677 2 2 67 7
2 2
67 7 2
2 67
7 22 2A51256712567 22 677 2 2 67 7
2 2
67 7 2
2 67
7
G1A51256712567 22 677 2 2 67 7
2 2
67 7 2
2 67
7 22 3Q61256712567 22 677 2 2 67 7
2 2
67 7 2
2 67
7 c A3ww
B
U r1 )r c * e Zd ZdZdddZd$dZed Zd d
d Zd Z d
Z
d Z d%dZ d Z
d Zed Zed Zed Zed Zed Zd Zd Zd Zd Zd Zd ZeZd Z eZ d Z d Z d! Z d" Z!d# Z"d S )&r z(Normal distribution of a random variablez(Arithmetic mean of a normal distributionz+Standard deviation of a normal distribution_mu_sigmar r c |dk rt d t | | _ t | | _ dS )zDNormalDist where mu is the mean and sigma is the standard deviation.r zsigma must be non-negativeN)r rf r r )selfr r s r2 __init__zNormalDist.__init__ s8 3;;!">?? ?99Ell r1 c & | t | S )z5Make a normal distribution instance from sample data.)r )clsrF s r2 from_sampleszNormalDist.from_samples s sK%%&&r1 N)seedc | t j nt j | j | j | j cfdt | D S )z=Generate *n* samples for a given mean and standard deviation.Nc ( g | ]} S r0 r0 )r8 r gaussr r s r2 r z&NormalDist.samples.<locals>.<listcomp> s% 333Qb% 333r1 )randomr Randomr r r )r r: r r r r s @@@r2 sampleszNormalDist.samples sV $ &-2E2E2KHdk E333333%((3333r1 c | j | j z }|st d || j z
}t ||z d|z z t t
|z z S )z4Probability density function. P(x <= X < x+dx) / dxz$pdf() not defined when sigma is zerog )r r r r! r r# )r rS r diffs r2 pdfzNormalDist.pdf s_ ;, J!"HII I48|4$;$/233d3>6J6JJJr1 c | j st d ddt || j z
| j t z z z z S )z,Cumulative distribution function. P(X <= x)z$cdf() not defined when sigma is zeror r )r r r" r _SQRT2r rS s r2 cdfzNormalDist.cdf sF { J!"HII IcCTX $+2F G H HHIIr1 c |dk s|dk rt d | j dk rt d t || j | j S )aS Inverse cumulative distribution function. x : P(X <= x) = p
Finds the value of the random variable such that the probability of
the variable being less than or equal to that value equals the given
probability.
This function is also called the percent point function or quantile
function.
r r z$p must be in the range 0.0 < p < 1.0z-cdf() not defined when sigma at or below zero)r r r r )r r s r2 inv_cdfzNormalDist.inv_cdf sV
88qCxx!"HII I ;# !"QRR R#Atx===r1 r c @ fdt d D S )an Divide into *n* continuous intervals with equal probability.
Returns a list of (n - 1) cut points separating the intervals.
Set *n* to 4 for quartiles (the default). Set *n* to 10 for deciles.
Set *n* to 100 for percentiles which gives the 99 cuts points that
separate the normal distribution in to 100 equal sized groups.
c @ g | ]} |z S r0 )r )r8 r r: r s r2 r z(NormalDist.quantiles.<locals>.<listcomp> s) 999 QU##999r1 r4 )r )r r: s ``r2 r zNormalDist.quantiles s+ :9999U1a[[9999r1 c
t |t st d | |}}|j |j f|j |j fk r||}}|j |j }}|r|st
d ||z
}t |j |j z
}|s%dt |d|j z t z z z
S |j |z |j |z z
}|j |j z t ||z |t ||z z z z } || z |z }
|| z
|z } dt | |
| |
z
t | | | | z
z z
S )a Compute the overlapping coefficient (OVL) between two normal distributions.
Measures the agreement between two normal probability distributions.
Returns a value between 0.0 and 1.0 giving the overlapping area in
the two underlying probability density functions.
>>> N1 = NormalDist(2.4, 1.6)
>>> N2 = NormalDist(3.2, 2.0)
>>> N1.overlap(N2)
0.8035050657330205
z$Expected another NormalDist instancez(overlap() not defined when sigma is zeror r+ )
r r rg r r r r r r" r r r$ r ) r otherXYX_varY_vardvr r{ bx1x2s r2 overlapzNormalDist.overlap s %,, D BCC CU1
Hae !% 0 0 0aqAz1:u NE N!"LMM M
U]
!%!%-
=R3>F#: ;<<< <
EEMAEEM )
Hqx $rBwc%%-6H6H1H'H"I"I I!er\!er\d15599quuRyy011DrQUU2YY9N4O4OOPPr1 c R | j st d || j z
| j z S )zCompute the Standard Score. (x - mean) / stdev
Describes *x* in terms of the number of standard deviations
above or below the mean of the normal distribution.
z'zscore() not defined when sigma is zero)r r r r s r2 zscorezNormalDist.zscore s1 { M!"KLL LDH ++r1 c | j S )z+Arithmetic mean of the normal distribution.r r s r2 r
zNormalDist.mean xr1 c | j S )z,Return the median of the normal distributionr) r* s r2 r zNormalDist.median r+ r1 c | j S )zReturn the mode of the normal distribution
The mode is the value x where which the probability density
function (pdf) takes its maximum value.
r) r* s r2 r zNormalDist.mode s xr1 c | j S )z.Standard deviation of the normal distribution.r r* s r2 r zNormalDist.stdev s {r1 c | j | j z S )z!Square of the standard deviation.r/ r* s r2 r zNormalDist.variance s {T[((r1 c t |t r5t | j |j z t | j |j S t | j |z | j S )aj Add a constant or another NormalDist instance.
If *other* is a constant, translate mu by the constant,
leaving sigma unchanged.
If *other* is a NormalDist, add both the means and the variances.
Mathematically, this works only if the two distributions are
independent or if they are jointly normally distributed.
r r r r r r# r$ s r2 __add__zNormalDist.__add__! U b* % % L bfrvouRY /J/JKK K"&2+ry111r1 c t |t r5t | j |j z
t | j |j S t | j |z
| j S )as Subtract a constant or another NormalDist instance.
If *other* is a constant, translate by the constant mu,
leaving sigma unchanged.
If *other* is a NormalDist, subtract the means and add the variances.
Mathematically, this works only if the two distributions are
independent or if they are jointly normally distributed.
r2 r3 s r2 __sub__zNormalDist.__sub__/ r5 r1 c \ t | j |z | j t | z S )zMultiply both mu and sigma by a constant.
Used for rescaling, perhaps to change measurement units.
Sigma is scaled with the absolute value of the constant.
r r r r r3 s r2 __mul__zNormalDist.__mul__= ' "&2+ry488';<<<r1 c \ t | j |z | j t | z S )zDivide both mu and sigma by a constant.
Used for rescaling, perhaps to change measurement units.
Sigma is scaled with the absolute value of the constant.
r9 r3 s r2 __truediv__zNormalDist.__truediv__E r; r1 c 6 t | j | j S )z Return a copy of the instance.r r r r# s r2 __pos__zNormalDist.__pos__M s "&"),,,r1 c 8 t | j | j S )z(Negates mu while keeping sigma the same.r? r@ s r2 __neg__zNormalDist.__neg__Q s 26'29---r1 c | |z
S )z<Subtract a NormalDist from a constant or another NormalDist.r0 r3 s r2 __rsub__zNormalDist.__rsub__W s bzr1 c z t |t st S | j |j k o| j |j k S )zFTwo NormalDist objects are equal if their mu and sigma are both equal.)r r NotImplementedr r r3 s r2 __eq__zNormalDist.__eq__] s7 "j)) "! !v :BI$::r1 c 8 t | j | j f S )zCNormalDist objects hash equal if their mu and sigma are both equal.)hashr r r* s r2 __hash__zNormalDist.__hash__c s TXt{+,,,r1 c P t | j d| j d| j dS )Nz(mu=z, sigma=))r? r- r r r* s r2 __repr__zNormalDist.__repr__g s. t**%OO48OOt{OOOOr1 c | j | j fS r6 r r* s r2 __getstate__zNormalDist.__getstate__j s x$$r1 c $ |\ | _ | _ d S r6 r )r states r2 __setstate__zNormalDist.__setstate__m s % $+++r1 )r r )r )#r- r. r/ __doc__ __slots__r classmethodr r r r r r r% r' propertyr
r r r r r4 r7 r: r= rA rC __radd__rE __rmul__rH rK rN rP rS r0 r1 r2 r r s0 ..
:? I
# # # # ' ' [' "& 4 4 4 4 4 K K KJ J J > > > : : : : Q Q QD , , , X X X X ) ) X) 2 2 2 2 2 2 = = == = =- - -. . . H H; ; ; - - -P P P% % %& & & & &r1 r r6 )rs )r )KrT __all__r` r r
sys fractionsr decimalr itertoolsr r bisectr r r r r r! r" r# r$ r% functoolsr& operatorr' collectionsr( r) r* r rm r rP r\ rb rD rA rr rv rE r|
float_infomant_digr __annotations__rf r r r
r r r r r r
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r _statistics ImportErrorr r0 r1 r2 <module>rh s h h hT .
% % % % % % % % , , , , , , , , < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
c j 3 3 3 l& & & & R 4 4 4>+ + + \ $ 3>22Q6 6 6 6
#3
#3
#5
#
#
#
#S S W <" " ",# # # #LG G G&5, 5, 5, 5,p+ + +0 , &E+ E+ E+ E+PB B B<K K Kr ; (4 (4 (4 (4 (4b)% )% )% )%X& & & & R? ? ? ?$? ? ? ?$
4
4
4( 8 H H HB : 02HII 05 8> 8> 8> 8> 8>|G G G V 0000000 D \& \& \& \& \& \& \& \& \& \&s D! !D)(D)
Browse
Usage
Versions