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Versionstput(1) General Commands Manual tput(1)
NAME
tput, reset - initialize a terminal or query terminfo database
SYNOPSIS
tput [-Ttype] capname [parameters]
tput [-Ttype] [-x] clear
tput [-Ttype] init
tput [-Ttype] reset
tput [-Ttype] longname
tput -S <<
tput -V
DESCRIPTION
The tput utility uses the terminfo database to make the values of terminal-dependent capabilities and information
available to the shell (see sh(1)), to initialize or reset the terminal, or return the long name of the requested
terminal type. The result depends upon the capability's type:
string
tput writes the string to the standard output. No trailing newline is supplied.
integer
tput writes the decimal value to the standard output, with a trailing newline.
boolean
tput simply sets the exit code (0 for TRUE if the terminal has the capability, 1 for FALSE if it does
not), and writes nothing to the standard output.
Before using a value returned on the standard output, the application should test the exit code (e.g., $?, see
sh(1)) to be sure it is 0. (See the EXIT CODES and DIAGNOSTICS sections.) For a complete list of capabilities
and the capname associated with each, see terminfo(5).
Options
-S allows more than one capability per invocation of tput. The capabilities must be passed to tput from the
standard input instead of from the command line (see example). Only one capname is allowed per line. The
-S option changes the meaning of the 0 and 1 boolean and string exit codes (see the EXIT CODES section).
Because some capabilities may use string parameters rather than numbers, tput uses a table and the pres‐
ence of parameters in its input to decide whether to use tparm(3X), and how to interpret the parameters.
-Ttype indicates the type of terminal. Normally this option is unnecessary, because the default is taken from
the environment variable TERM. If -T is specified, then the shell variables LINES and COLUMNS will also
be ignored.
-V reports the version of ncurses which was used in this program, and exits.
-x do not attempt to clear the terminal's scrollback buffer using the extended “E3” capability.
Commands
A few commands (init, reset and longname) are special; they are defined by the tput program. The others are the
names of capabilities from the terminal database (see terminfo(5) for a list). Although init and reset resemble
capability names, tput uses several capabilities to perform these special functions.
capname
indicates the capability from the terminal database.
If the capability is a string that takes parameters, the arguments following the capability will be used
as parameters for the string.
Most parameters are numbers. Only a few terminal capabilities require string parameters; tput uses a ta‐
ble to decide which to pass as strings. Normally tput uses tparm(3X) to perform the substitution. If no
parameters are given for the capability, tput writes the string without performing the substitution.
init If the terminal database is present and an entry for the user's terminal exists (see -Ttype, above), the
following will occur:
(1) first, tput retrieves the current terminal mode settings for your terminal. It does this by succes‐
sively testing
• the standard error,
• standard output,
• standard input and
• ultimately “/dev/tty”
to obtain terminal settings. Having retrieved these settings, tput remembers which file descriptor
to use when updating settings.
(2) if the window size cannot be obtained from the operating system, but the terminal description (or en‐
vironment, e.g., LINES and COLUMNS variables specify this), update the operating system's notion of
the window size.
(3) the terminal modes will be updated:
• any delays (e.g., newline) specified in the entry will be set in the tty driver,
• tabs expansion will be turned on or off according to the specification in the entry, and
• if tabs are not expanded, standard tabs will be set (every 8 spaces).
(4) if present, the terminal's initialization strings will be output as detailed in the terminfo(5) sec‐
tion on Tabs and Initialization,
(5) output is flushed.
If an entry does not contain the information needed for any of these activities, that activity will
silently be skipped.
reset This is similar to init, with two differences:
(1) before any other initialization, the terminal modes will be reset to a “sane” state:
• set cooked and echo modes,
• turn off cbreak and raw modes,
• turn on newline translation and
• reset any unset special characters to their default values
(2) Instead of putting out initialization strings, the terminal's reset strings will be output if present
(rs1, rs2, rs3, rf). If the reset strings are not present, but initialization strings are, the ini‐
tialization strings will be output.
Otherwise, reset acts identically to init.
longname
If the terminal database is present and an entry for the user's terminal exists (see -Ttype above), then
the long name of the terminal will be put out. The long name is the last name in the first line of the
terminal's description in the terminfo database [see term(5)].
Aliases
tput handles the clear, init and reset commands specially: it allows for the possibility that it is invoked by a
link with those names.
If tput is invoked by a link named reset, this has the same effect as tput reset. The tset(1) utility also
treats a link named reset specially.
Before ncurses 6.1, the two utilities were different from each other:
• tset utility reset the terminal modes and special characters (not done with tput).
• On the other hand, tset's repertoire of terminal capabilities for resetting the terminal was more limited,
i.e., only reset_1string, reset_2string and reset_file in contrast to the tab-stops and margins which are set
by this utility.
• The reset program is usually an alias for tset, because of this difference with resetting terminal modes and
special characters.
With the changes made for ncurses 6.1, the reset feature of the two programs is (mostly) the same. A few differ‐
ences remain:
• The tset program waits one second when resetting, in case it happens to be a hardware terminal.
• The two programs write the terminal initialization strings to different streams (i.e., the standard error for
tset and the standard output for tput).
Note: although these programs write to different streams, redirecting their output to a file will capture
only part of their actions. The changes to the terminal modes are not affected by redirecting the output.
If tput is invoked by a link named init, this has the same effect as tput init. Again, you are less likely to
use that link because another program named init has a more well-established use.
Terminal Size
Besides the special commands (e.g., clear), tput treats certain terminfo capabilities specially: lines and cols.
tput calls setupterm(3X) to obtain the terminal size:
• first, it gets the size from the terminal database (which generally is not provided for terminal emulators
which do not have a fixed window size)
• then it asks the operating system for the terminal's size (which generally works, unless connecting via a se‐
rial line which does not support NAWS: negotiations about window size).
• finally, it inspects the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS which may override the terminal size.
If the -T option is given tput ignores the environment variables by calling use_tioctl(TRUE), relying upon the
operating system (or finally, the terminal database).
EXAMPLES
tput init
Initialize the terminal according to the type of terminal in the environmental variable TERM. This command
should be included in everyone's .profile after the environmental variable TERM has been exported, as illus‐
trated on the profile(5) manual page.
tput -T5620 reset
Reset an AT&T 5620 terminal, overriding the type of terminal in the environmental variable TERM.
tput cup 0 0
Send the sequence to move the cursor to row 0, column 0 (the upper left corner of the screen, usually known
as the “home” cursor position).
tput clear
Echo the clear-screen sequence for the current terminal.
tput cols
Print the number of columns for the current terminal.
tput -T450 cols
Print the number of columns for the 450 terminal.
bold=‘tput smso‘ offbold=‘tput rmso‘
Set the shell variables bold, to begin stand-out mode sequence, and offbold, to end standout mode sequence,
for the current terminal. This might be followed by a prompt: echo "${bold}Please type in your name: ${off‐
bold}\c"
tput hc
Set exit code to indicate if the current terminal is a hard copy terminal.
tput cup 23 4
Send the sequence to move the cursor to row 23, column 4.
tput cup
Send the terminfo string for cursor-movement, with no parameters substituted.
tput longname
Print the long name from the terminfo database for the type of terminal specified in the environmental vari‐
able TERM.
tput -S <<!
> clear
> cup 10 10
> bold
> !
This example shows tput processing several capabilities in one invocation. It clears the screen, moves the
cursor to position 10, 10 and turns on bold (extra bright) mode. The list is terminated by an exclamation
mark (!) on a line by itself.
FILES
/BuggyBox/ncurses/6.4/bootstrap/share/terminfo
compiled terminal description database
/BuggyBox/ncurses/6.4/bootstrap/share/tabset/*
tab settings for some terminals, in a format appropriate to be output to the terminal (escape sequences
that set margins and tabs); for more information, see the Tabs and Initialization, section of terminfo(5)
EXIT CODES
If the -S option is used, tput checks for errors from each line, and if any errors are found, will set the exit
code to 4 plus the number of lines with errors. If no errors are found, the exit code is 0. No indication of
which line failed can be given so exit code 1 will never appear. Exit codes 2, 3, and 4 retain their usual in‐
terpretation. If the -S option is not used, the exit code depends on the type of capname:
boolean
a value of 0 is set for TRUE and 1 for FALSE.
string a value of 0 is set if the capname is defined for this terminal type (the value of capname is returned
on standard output); a value of 1 is set if capname is not defined for this terminal type (nothing is
written to standard output).
integer
a value of 0 is always set, whether or not capname is defined for this terminal type. To determine if
capname is defined for this terminal type, the user must test the value written to standard output. A
value of -1 means that capname is not defined for this terminal type.
other reset or init may fail to find their respective files. In that case, the exit code is set to 4 + er‐
rno.
Any other exit code indicates an error; see the DIAGNOSTICS section.
DIAGNOSTICS
tput prints the following error messages and sets the corresponding exit codes.
exit code error message
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
0 (capname is a numeric variable that is not specified in
the terminfo(5) database for this terminal type, e.g.
tput -T450 lines and tput -Thp2621 xmc)
1 no error message is printed, see the EXIT CODES section.
2 usage error
3 unknown terminal type or no terminfo database
4 unknown terminfo capability capname
>4 error occurred in -S
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
HISTORY
The tput command was begun by Bill Joy in 1980. The initial version only cleared the screen.
AT&T System V provided a different tput command:
• SVr2 provided a rudimentary tput which checked the parameter against each predefined capability and returned
the corresponding value. This version of tput did not use tparm(3X) for the capabilities which are parame‐
terized.
• SVr3 replaced that, a year later, by a more extensive program whose init and reset subcommands (more than
half the program) were incorporated from the reset feature of BSD tset written by Eric Allman.
• SVr4 added color initialization using the orig_colors and orig_pair capabilities in the init subcommand.
Keith Bostic replaced the BSD tput command in 1989 with a new implementation based on the AT&T System V program
tput. Like the AT&T program, Bostic's version accepted some parameters named for terminfo capabilities (clear,
init, longname and reset). However (because he had only termcap available), it accepted termcap names for other
capabilities. Also, Bostic's BSD tput did not modify the terminal I/O modes as the earlier BSD tset had done.
At the same time, Bostic added a shell script named “clear”, which used tput to clear the screen.
Both of these appeared in 4.4BSD, becoming the “modern” BSD implementation of tput.
This implementation of tput began from a different source than AT&T or BSD: Ross Ridge's mytinfo package, pub‐
lished on comp.sources.unix in December 1992. Ridge's program made more sophisticated use of the terminal capa‐
bilities than the BSD program. Eric Raymond used that tput program (and other parts of mytinfo) in ncurses in
June 1995. Using the portions dealing with terminal capabilities almost without change, Raymond made improve‐
ments to the way the command-line parameters were handled.
PORTABILITY
This implementation of tput differs from AT&T tput in two important areas:
• tput capname writes to the standard output. That need not be a regular terminal. However, the subcommands
which manipulate terminal modes may not use the standard output.
The AT&T implementation's init and reset commands use the BSD (4.1c) tset source, which manipulates terminal
modes. It successively tries standard output, standard error, standard input before falling back to
“/dev/tty” and finally just assumes a 1200Bd terminal. When updating terminal modes, it ignores errors.
Until changes made after ncurses 6.0, tput did not modify terminal modes. tput now uses a similar scheme,
using functions shared with tset (and ultimately based on the 4.4BSD tset). If it is not able to open a ter‐
minal, e.g., when running in cron(1), tput will return an error.
• AT&T tput guesses the type of its capname operands by seeing if all of the characters are numeric, or not.
Most implementations which provide support for capname operands use the tparm function to expand parameters
in it. That function expects a mixture of numeric and string parameters, requiring tput to know which type
to use.
This implementation uses a table to determine the parameter types for the standard capname operands, and an
internal library function to analyze nonstandard capname operands.
Besides providing more reliable operation than AT&T's utility, a portability problem is introduced by this
analysis: An OpenBSD developer adapted the internal library function from ncurses to port NetBSD's termcap-
based tput to terminfo. That had been modified to interpret multiple commands on a line. Portable applica‐
tions should not rely upon this feature; ncurses provides it to support applications written specifically for
OpenBSD.
This implementation (unlike others) can accept both termcap and terminfo names for the capname feature, if term‐
cap support is compiled in. However, the predefined termcap and terminfo names have two ambiguities in this case
(and the terminfo name is assumed):
• The termcap name dl corresponds to the terminfo name dl1 (delete one line).
The terminfo name dl corresponds to the termcap name DL (delete a given number of lines).
• The termcap name ed corresponds to the terminfo name rmdc (end delete mode).
The terminfo name ed corresponds to the termcap name cd (clear to end of screen).
The longname and -S options, and the parameter-substitution features used in the cup example, were not supported
in BSD curses before 4.3reno (1989) or in AT&T/USL curses before SVr4 (1988).
IEEE Std 1003.1/The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7 (POSIX.1-2008) documents only the operands for clear,
init and reset. There are a few interesting observations to make regarding that:
• In this implementation, clear is part of the capname support. The others (init and longname) do not corre‐
spond to terminal capabilities.
• Other implementations of tput on SVr4-based systems such as Solaris, IRIX64 and HPUX as well as others such
as AIX and Tru64 provide support for capname operands.
• A few platforms such as FreeBSD recognize termcap names rather than terminfo capability names in their re‐
spective tput commands. Since 2010, NetBSD's tput uses terminfo names. Before that, it (like FreeBSD) rec‐
ognized termcap names.
Beginning in 2021, FreeBSD uses the ncurses tput, configured for both terminfo (tested first) and termcap (as
a fallback).
Because (apparently) all of the certified Unix systems support the full set of capability names, the reasoning
for documenting only a few may not be apparent.
• X/Open Curses Issue 7 documents tput differently, with capname and the other features used in this implemen‐
tation.
• That is, there are two standards for tput: POSIX (a subset) and X/Open Curses (the full implementation).
POSIX documents a subset to avoid the complication of including X/Open Curses and the terminal capabilities
database.
• While it is certainly possible to write a tput program without using curses, none of the systems which have a
curses implementation provide a tput utility which does not provide the capname feature.
X/Open Curses Issue 7 (2009) is the first version to document utilities. However that part of X/Open Curses does
not follow existing practice (i.e., Unix features documented in SVID 3):
• It assigns exit code 4 to “invalid operand”, which may be the same as unknown capability. For instance, the
source code for Solaris' xcurses uses the term “invalid” in this case.
• It assigns exit code 255 to a numeric variable that is not specified in the terminfo database. That likely
is a documentation error, confusing the -1 written to the standard output for an absent or cancelled numeric
value versus an (unsigned) exit code.
The various Unix systems (AIX, HPUX, Solaris) use the same exit-codes as ncurses.
NetBSD curses documents different exit codes which do not correspond to either ncurses or X/Open.
SEE ALSO
clear(1), stty(1), tabs(1), tset(1), curs_termcap(3X), terminfo(5).
This describes ncurses version 6.4 (patch 20221231).
tput(1)
NAME
tput, reset - initialize a terminal or query terminfo database
SYNOPSIS
tput [-Ttype] capname [parameters]
tput [-Ttype] [-x] clear
tput [-Ttype] init
tput [-Ttype] reset
tput [-Ttype] longname
tput -S <<
tput -V
DESCRIPTION
The tput utility uses the terminfo database to make the values of terminal-dependent capabilities and information
available to the shell (see sh(1)), to initialize or reset the terminal, or return the long name of the requested
terminal type. The result depends upon the capability's type:
string
tput writes the string to the standard output. No trailing newline is supplied.
integer
tput writes the decimal value to the standard output, with a trailing newline.
boolean
tput simply sets the exit code (0 for TRUE if the terminal has the capability, 1 for FALSE if it does
not), and writes nothing to the standard output.
Before using a value returned on the standard output, the application should test the exit code (e.g., $?, see
sh(1)) to be sure it is 0. (See the EXIT CODES and DIAGNOSTICS sections.) For a complete list of capabilities
and the capname associated with each, see terminfo(5).
Options
-S allows more than one capability per invocation of tput. The capabilities must be passed to tput from the
standard input instead of from the command line (see example). Only one capname is allowed per line. The
-S option changes the meaning of the 0 and 1 boolean and string exit codes (see the EXIT CODES section).
Because some capabilities may use string parameters rather than numbers, tput uses a table and the pres‐
ence of parameters in its input to decide whether to use tparm(3X), and how to interpret the parameters.
-Ttype indicates the type of terminal. Normally this option is unnecessary, because the default is taken from
the environment variable TERM. If -T is specified, then the shell variables LINES and COLUMNS will also
be ignored.
-V reports the version of ncurses which was used in this program, and exits.
-x do not attempt to clear the terminal's scrollback buffer using the extended “E3” capability.
Commands
A few commands (init, reset and longname) are special; they are defined by the tput program. The others are the
names of capabilities from the terminal database (see terminfo(5) for a list). Although init and reset resemble
capability names, tput uses several capabilities to perform these special functions.
capname
indicates the capability from the terminal database.
If the capability is a string that takes parameters, the arguments following the capability will be used
as parameters for the string.
Most parameters are numbers. Only a few terminal capabilities require string parameters; tput uses a ta‐
ble to decide which to pass as strings. Normally tput uses tparm(3X) to perform the substitution. If no
parameters are given for the capability, tput writes the string without performing the substitution.
init If the terminal database is present and an entry for the user's terminal exists (see -Ttype, above), the
following will occur:
(1) first, tput retrieves the current terminal mode settings for your terminal. It does this by succes‐
sively testing
• the standard error,
• standard output,
• standard input and
• ultimately “/dev/tty”
to obtain terminal settings. Having retrieved these settings, tput remembers which file descriptor
to use when updating settings.
(2) if the window size cannot be obtained from the operating system, but the terminal description (or en‐
vironment, e.g., LINES and COLUMNS variables specify this), update the operating system's notion of
the window size.
(3) the terminal modes will be updated:
• any delays (e.g., newline) specified in the entry will be set in the tty driver,
• tabs expansion will be turned on or off according to the specification in the entry, and
• if tabs are not expanded, standard tabs will be set (every 8 spaces).
(4) if present, the terminal's initialization strings will be output as detailed in the terminfo(5) sec‐
tion on Tabs and Initialization,
(5) output is flushed.
If an entry does not contain the information needed for any of these activities, that activity will
silently be skipped.
reset This is similar to init, with two differences:
(1) before any other initialization, the terminal modes will be reset to a “sane” state:
• set cooked and echo modes,
• turn off cbreak and raw modes,
• turn on newline translation and
• reset any unset special characters to their default values
(2) Instead of putting out initialization strings, the terminal's reset strings will be output if present
(rs1, rs2, rs3, rf). If the reset strings are not present, but initialization strings are, the ini‐
tialization strings will be output.
Otherwise, reset acts identically to init.
longname
If the terminal database is present and an entry for the user's terminal exists (see -Ttype above), then
the long name of the terminal will be put out. The long name is the last name in the first line of the
terminal's description in the terminfo database [see term(5)].
Aliases
tput handles the clear, init and reset commands specially: it allows for the possibility that it is invoked by a
link with those names.
If tput is invoked by a link named reset, this has the same effect as tput reset. The tset(1) utility also
treats a link named reset specially.
Before ncurses 6.1, the two utilities were different from each other:
• tset utility reset the terminal modes and special characters (not done with tput).
• On the other hand, tset's repertoire of terminal capabilities for resetting the terminal was more limited,
i.e., only reset_1string, reset_2string and reset_file in contrast to the tab-stops and margins which are set
by this utility.
• The reset program is usually an alias for tset, because of this difference with resetting terminal modes and
special characters.
With the changes made for ncurses 6.1, the reset feature of the two programs is (mostly) the same. A few differ‐
ences remain:
• The tset program waits one second when resetting, in case it happens to be a hardware terminal.
• The two programs write the terminal initialization strings to different streams (i.e., the standard error for
tset and the standard output for tput).
Note: although these programs write to different streams, redirecting their output to a file will capture
only part of their actions. The changes to the terminal modes are not affected by redirecting the output.
If tput is invoked by a link named init, this has the same effect as tput init. Again, you are less likely to
use that link because another program named init has a more well-established use.
Terminal Size
Besides the special commands (e.g., clear), tput treats certain terminfo capabilities specially: lines and cols.
tput calls setupterm(3X) to obtain the terminal size:
• first, it gets the size from the terminal database (which generally is not provided for terminal emulators
which do not have a fixed window size)
• then it asks the operating system for the terminal's size (which generally works, unless connecting via a se‐
rial line which does not support NAWS: negotiations about window size).
• finally, it inspects the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS which may override the terminal size.
If the -T option is given tput ignores the environment variables by calling use_tioctl(TRUE), relying upon the
operating system (or finally, the terminal database).
EXAMPLES
tput init
Initialize the terminal according to the type of terminal in the environmental variable TERM. This command
should be included in everyone's .profile after the environmental variable TERM has been exported, as illus‐
trated on the profile(5) manual page.
tput -T5620 reset
Reset an AT&T 5620 terminal, overriding the type of terminal in the environmental variable TERM.
tput cup 0 0
Send the sequence to move the cursor to row 0, column 0 (the upper left corner of the screen, usually known
as the “home” cursor position).
tput clear
Echo the clear-screen sequence for the current terminal.
tput cols
Print the number of columns for the current terminal.
tput -T450 cols
Print the number of columns for the 450 terminal.
bold=‘tput smso‘ offbold=‘tput rmso‘
Set the shell variables bold, to begin stand-out mode sequence, and offbold, to end standout mode sequence,
for the current terminal. This might be followed by a prompt: echo "${bold}Please type in your name: ${off‐
bold}\c"
tput hc
Set exit code to indicate if the current terminal is a hard copy terminal.
tput cup 23 4
Send the sequence to move the cursor to row 23, column 4.
tput cup
Send the terminfo string for cursor-movement, with no parameters substituted.
tput longname
Print the long name from the terminfo database for the type of terminal specified in the environmental vari‐
able TERM.
tput -S <<!
> clear
> cup 10 10
> bold
> !
This example shows tput processing several capabilities in one invocation. It clears the screen, moves the
cursor to position 10, 10 and turns on bold (extra bright) mode. The list is terminated by an exclamation
mark (!) on a line by itself.
FILES
/BuggyBox/ncurses/6.4/bootstrap/share/terminfo
compiled terminal description database
/BuggyBox/ncurses/6.4/bootstrap/share/tabset/*
tab settings for some terminals, in a format appropriate to be output to the terminal (escape sequences
that set margins and tabs); for more information, see the Tabs and Initialization, section of terminfo(5)
EXIT CODES
If the -S option is used, tput checks for errors from each line, and if any errors are found, will set the exit
code to 4 plus the number of lines with errors. If no errors are found, the exit code is 0. No indication of
which line failed can be given so exit code 1 will never appear. Exit codes 2, 3, and 4 retain their usual in‐
terpretation. If the -S option is not used, the exit code depends on the type of capname:
boolean
a value of 0 is set for TRUE and 1 for FALSE.
string a value of 0 is set if the capname is defined for this terminal type (the value of capname is returned
on standard output); a value of 1 is set if capname is not defined for this terminal type (nothing is
written to standard output).
integer
a value of 0 is always set, whether or not capname is defined for this terminal type. To determine if
capname is defined for this terminal type, the user must test the value written to standard output. A
value of -1 means that capname is not defined for this terminal type.
other reset or init may fail to find their respective files. In that case, the exit code is set to 4 + er‐
rno.
Any other exit code indicates an error; see the DIAGNOSTICS section.
DIAGNOSTICS
tput prints the following error messages and sets the corresponding exit codes.
exit code error message
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
0 (capname is a numeric variable that is not specified in
the terminfo(5) database for this terminal type, e.g.
tput -T450 lines and tput -Thp2621 xmc)
1 no error message is printed, see the EXIT CODES section.
2 usage error
3 unknown terminal type or no terminfo database
4 unknown terminfo capability capname
>4 error occurred in -S
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
HISTORY
The tput command was begun by Bill Joy in 1980. The initial version only cleared the screen.
AT&T System V provided a different tput command:
• SVr2 provided a rudimentary tput which checked the parameter against each predefined capability and returned
the corresponding value. This version of tput did not use tparm(3X) for the capabilities which are parame‐
terized.
• SVr3 replaced that, a year later, by a more extensive program whose init and reset subcommands (more than
half the program) were incorporated from the reset feature of BSD tset written by Eric Allman.
• SVr4 added color initialization using the orig_colors and orig_pair capabilities in the init subcommand.
Keith Bostic replaced the BSD tput command in 1989 with a new implementation based on the AT&T System V program
tput. Like the AT&T program, Bostic's version accepted some parameters named for terminfo capabilities (clear,
init, longname and reset). However (because he had only termcap available), it accepted termcap names for other
capabilities. Also, Bostic's BSD tput did not modify the terminal I/O modes as the earlier BSD tset had done.
At the same time, Bostic added a shell script named “clear”, which used tput to clear the screen.
Both of these appeared in 4.4BSD, becoming the “modern” BSD implementation of tput.
This implementation of tput began from a different source than AT&T or BSD: Ross Ridge's mytinfo package, pub‐
lished on comp.sources.unix in December 1992. Ridge's program made more sophisticated use of the terminal capa‐
bilities than the BSD program. Eric Raymond used that tput program (and other parts of mytinfo) in ncurses in
June 1995. Using the portions dealing with terminal capabilities almost without change, Raymond made improve‐
ments to the way the command-line parameters were handled.
PORTABILITY
This implementation of tput differs from AT&T tput in two important areas:
• tput capname writes to the standard output. That need not be a regular terminal. However, the subcommands
which manipulate terminal modes may not use the standard output.
The AT&T implementation's init and reset commands use the BSD (4.1c) tset source, which manipulates terminal
modes. It successively tries standard output, standard error, standard input before falling back to
“/dev/tty” and finally just assumes a 1200Bd terminal. When updating terminal modes, it ignores errors.
Until changes made after ncurses 6.0, tput did not modify terminal modes. tput now uses a similar scheme,
using functions shared with tset (and ultimately based on the 4.4BSD tset). If it is not able to open a ter‐
minal, e.g., when running in cron(1), tput will return an error.
• AT&T tput guesses the type of its capname operands by seeing if all of the characters are numeric, or not.
Most implementations which provide support for capname operands use the tparm function to expand parameters
in it. That function expects a mixture of numeric and string parameters, requiring tput to know which type
to use.
This implementation uses a table to determine the parameter types for the standard capname operands, and an
internal library function to analyze nonstandard capname operands.
Besides providing more reliable operation than AT&T's utility, a portability problem is introduced by this
analysis: An OpenBSD developer adapted the internal library function from ncurses to port NetBSD's termcap-
based tput to terminfo. That had been modified to interpret multiple commands on a line. Portable applica‐
tions should not rely upon this feature; ncurses provides it to support applications written specifically for
OpenBSD.
This implementation (unlike others) can accept both termcap and terminfo names for the capname feature, if term‐
cap support is compiled in. However, the predefined termcap and terminfo names have two ambiguities in this case
(and the terminfo name is assumed):
• The termcap name dl corresponds to the terminfo name dl1 (delete one line).
The terminfo name dl corresponds to the termcap name DL (delete a given number of lines).
• The termcap name ed corresponds to the terminfo name rmdc (end delete mode).
The terminfo name ed corresponds to the termcap name cd (clear to end of screen).
The longname and -S options, and the parameter-substitution features used in the cup example, were not supported
in BSD curses before 4.3reno (1989) or in AT&T/USL curses before SVr4 (1988).
IEEE Std 1003.1/The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7 (POSIX.1-2008) documents only the operands for clear,
init and reset. There are a few interesting observations to make regarding that:
• In this implementation, clear is part of the capname support. The others (init and longname) do not corre‐
spond to terminal capabilities.
• Other implementations of tput on SVr4-based systems such as Solaris, IRIX64 and HPUX as well as others such
as AIX and Tru64 provide support for capname operands.
• A few platforms such as FreeBSD recognize termcap names rather than terminfo capability names in their re‐
spective tput commands. Since 2010, NetBSD's tput uses terminfo names. Before that, it (like FreeBSD) rec‐
ognized termcap names.
Beginning in 2021, FreeBSD uses the ncurses tput, configured for both terminfo (tested first) and termcap (as
a fallback).
Because (apparently) all of the certified Unix systems support the full set of capability names, the reasoning
for documenting only a few may not be apparent.
• X/Open Curses Issue 7 documents tput differently, with capname and the other features used in this implemen‐
tation.
• That is, there are two standards for tput: POSIX (a subset) and X/Open Curses (the full implementation).
POSIX documents a subset to avoid the complication of including X/Open Curses and the terminal capabilities
database.
• While it is certainly possible to write a tput program without using curses, none of the systems which have a
curses implementation provide a tput utility which does not provide the capname feature.
X/Open Curses Issue 7 (2009) is the first version to document utilities. However that part of X/Open Curses does
not follow existing practice (i.e., Unix features documented in SVID 3):
• It assigns exit code 4 to “invalid operand”, which may be the same as unknown capability. For instance, the
source code for Solaris' xcurses uses the term “invalid” in this case.
• It assigns exit code 255 to a numeric variable that is not specified in the terminfo database. That likely
is a documentation error, confusing the -1 written to the standard output for an absent or cancelled numeric
value versus an (unsigned) exit code.
The various Unix systems (AIX, HPUX, Solaris) use the same exit-codes as ncurses.
NetBSD curses documents different exit codes which do not correspond to either ncurses or X/Open.
SEE ALSO
clear(1), stty(1), tabs(1), tset(1), curs_termcap(3X), terminfo(5).
This describes ncurses version 6.4 (patch 20221231).
tput(1)