groff (1.23.0)

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%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Creator: groff version 1.23.0
%%CreationDate: Mon Jan 29 00:25:44 2024
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Bold
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font Courier
%%+ font Courier-Oblique
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.23 0
%%+ font Symbol-Slanted
%%Pages: 39
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%%EndComments
%%BeginDefaults
%%PageMedia: Default
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%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.23 0
%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-ProcSet
/setpacking where{
pop
currentpacking
true setpacking
}if
/grops 120 dict dup begin
% The ASCII code of the space character.
/SC 32 def
/A/show load def
/B{0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def
/C{0 exch ashow}bind def
/D{0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def
/E{0 rmoveto show}bind def
/F{0 rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def
/G{0 rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def
/H{0 rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def
/I{0 exch rmoveto show}bind def
/J{0 exch rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def
/K{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def
/L{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def
/M{rmoveto show}bind def
/N{rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def
/O{rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def
/P{rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def
/Q{moveto show}bind def
/R{moveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def
/S{moveto 0 exch ashow}bind def
/T{moveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def
% name size font SF -
/SF{
findfont exch
[exch dup 0 exch 0 exch neg 0 0]makefont
dup setfont
[exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def
}bind def
% name a c d font MF -
/MF{
findfont
[5 2 roll
0 3 1 roll % b
neg 0 0]makefont
dup setfont
[exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def
}bind def
/level0 0 def
/RES 0 def
/PL 0 def
/LS 0 def
% Enable manual feed.
% MANUAL -
/MANUAL{
statusdict begin/manualfeed true store end
}bind def
% Guess the page length.
% This assumes that the imageable area is vertically centered on the page.
% PLG - length
/PLG{
gsave newpath clippath pathbbox grestore
exch pop add exch pop
}bind def
% BP -
/BP{
/level0 save def
1 setlinecap
1 setlinejoin
DEFS/BPhook known{DEFS begin BPhook end}if
72 RES div dup scale
LS{
90 rotate
}{
0 PL translate
}ifelse
1 -1 scale
}bind def
/EP{
level0 restore
showpage
}def
% centerx centery radius startangle endangle DA -
/DA{
newpath arcn stroke
}bind def
% x y SN - x' y'
% round a position to nearest (pixel + (.25,.25))
/SN{
transform
.25 sub exch .25 sub exch
round .25 add exch round .25 add exch
itransform
}bind def
% endx endy startx starty DL -
% we round the endpoints of the line, so that parallel horizontal
% and vertical lines will appear even
/DL{
SN
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SN
lineto stroke
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% centerx centery radius DC -
/DC{
newpath 0 360 arc closepath
}bind def
/TM matrix def
%  width height centerx centery DE -
/DE{
TM currentmatrix pop
translate scale newpath 0 0 .5 0 360 arc closepath
TM setmatrix
}bind def
% these are for splines
/RC/rcurveto load def
/RL/rlineto load def
/ST/stroke load def
/MT/moveto load def
/CL/closepath load def
% fill the last path
% r g b Fr -
/Fr{
setrgbcolor fill
}bind def
% c m y k Fk -
/setcmykcolor where{
pop
/Fk{
setcmykcolor fill
}bind def
}if
% g Fg -
/Fg{
setgray fill
}bind def
% fill with the "current color"
/FL/fill load def
/LW/setlinewidth load def
/Cr/setrgbcolor load def
/setcmykcolor where{
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/Ck/setcmykcolor load def
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/Cg/setgray load def
% new_font_name encoding_vector old_font_name RE -
/RE{
findfont
dup maxlength 1 index/FontName known not{1 add}if dict begin
{
1 index/FID ne
2 index/UniqueID ne
and
{def}{pop pop}ifelse
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/Encoding exch def
dup/FontName exch def
currentdict end definefont pop
}bind def
/DEFS 0 def
% hpos vpos EBEGIN -
/EBEGIN{
moveto
DEFS begin
}bind def
/EEND/end load def
/CNT 0 def
/level1 0 def
% llx lly newwid wid newht ht newllx newlly PBEGIN -
/PBEGIN{
/level1 save def
translate
div 3 1 roll div exch scale
neg exch neg exch translate
% set the graphics state to default values
0 setgray
0 setlinecap
1 setlinewidth
0 setlinejoin
10 setmiterlimit
[]0 setdash
/setstrokeadjust where{
pop
false setstrokeadjust
}if
/setoverprint where{
pop
false setoverprint
}if
newpath
/CNT countdictstack def
userdict begin
/showpage{}def
%
%  Any included setpagedevice should be ignored.
%  See: http://www.w-beer.de/doc/ps/.
%
/setpagedevice{}def
mark
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/PEND{
cleartomark
countdictstack CNT sub{end}repeat
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%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic
%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman
%%IncludeResource: font Courier
%%IncludeResource: font Courier-Oblique
%%BeginResource: font Symbol-Slanted
%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-Font
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% newfontname matrix oldfontname MakeTransformedFont
/MakeTransformedFont{
findfont dup maxlength dict begin
{
exch dup dup/FID ne exch/UniqueID ne and{
exch def
}{
pop pop
}ifelse
}forall
% first copy FontBBox
/FontBBox
% FontBBox sometimes seems to have the executable
% attribute set
% so to get the array on the stack, we have to do this
currentdict/FontBBox get
4 array copy def
% now transform it
FontBBox aload pop
4 index transform 4 2 roll
4 index transform 4 2 roll
FontBBox astore pop
% matrix
% now transform FontMatrix
FontMatrix exch matrix concatmatrix
/FontMatrix exch def
dup/FontName exch def
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definefont pop
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/Symbol-Slanted
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MakeTransformedFont
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/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
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<f1>A F1(ABSTRA)282.535 213 Q(CT)-.3 E/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(The)136
237 Q/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pic)3.015 E F3 .515(language is a)3.015 F F4
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(diagrams of the kind frequently used in technical papers and te)111 249
R 2.652(xtbooks. This)-.15 F .152(paper is both an in-)2.652 F 1.88
(troduction to and reference for)111 261 R F1(gpic)4.38 E F3 1.88
(\(1\), the implementation distrib).31 F 1.88(uted by the Free Softw)-.2
F(are)-.1 E -.15(Fo)111 273 S .364(undation for use with).15 F F1(gr)
2.864 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F3 2.864(\(1\). It)1.96 F .365
(also catalogs other implementations and e)2.865 F .365(xplains the dif)
-.15 F(fer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E(ences among them.)111 285 Q F4 2.5(1. Intr)72
321 R(oduction to PIC)-.18 E 2.5(1.1. Wh)72 345 R 2.5(yP)-.15 G(IC?)-2.5
E F3(The)97 360.6 Q F4(pic)3.432 E F3 .932(language pro)3.432 F .931
(vides an easy w)-.15 F .931(ay to write procedural box-and-arro)-.1 F
3.431(wd)-.25 G .931(iagrams to be included in)-3.431 F F4(tr)3.431 E
(off)-.18 E F3 3.2(documents. The)72 372.6 R .7(language is suf)3.2 F .7
(\214ciently \215e)-.25 F .701
(xible to be quite useful for state charts, Petri-net diagrams, \215o)
-.15 F 3.201(wc)-.25 G(harts,)-3.201 E .25(simple circuit schematics, j\
umper layouts, and other kinds of illustration in)72 384.6 R -.2(vo)-.4
G .25(lving repetiti).2 F .55 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .25
(ses of simple geomet-).15 F .568(ric forms and splines.)72 396.6 R .569
(Because these descriptions are procedural and object-based, the)5.568 F
3.069(ya)-.15 G .569(re both compact and easy)-3.069 F(to modify)72
408.6 Q(.)-.65 E .263
(The phrase \231GNU pic\232 may refer to either of tw)97 424.2 R(o)-.1 E
F4(pic)2.762 E F3 .262(implementations distrib)2.762 F .262
(uted by the Free Softw)-.2 F .262(are F)-.1 F(oun-)-.15 E .325
(dation and intended to accept the same input language.)72 436.2 R(The)
5.326 E F1(gpic)2.826 E F3 .326
(\(1\) implementation is for use with the).31 F F1(gr)2.826 E(of)-.45 E
(f)-.18 E F3 .326(\(1\) im-)1.96 F 1.19(plementation of)72 448.2 R F4
(tr)3.69 E(off)-.18 E F3 6.19(.T)C(he)-6.19 E F1(pic2plot)3.69 E F3
1.189(\(1\) implementation runs standalone and is part of the).68 F F4
(plotutils)3.689 E F3 3.689(package. Be-)3.689 F .106
(cause both implementations are widely a)72 460.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G .106
(ilable in source form for free, the).25 F 2.606(ya)-.15 G .106
(re good bets for writing v)-2.606 F .107(ery portable)-.15 F
(documentation.)72 472.2 Q F4 2.5(1.2. PIC)72 496.2 R -1(Ve)2.5 G
(rsions)1 E F3 .013(The original 1984 pre-)97 511.8 R F1(ditr)A(of)-.45
E(f)-.18 E F3 .013(\(1\) v)1.96 F .013(ersion of)-.15 F F4(pic)2.513 E
F3 .012(is long obsolete.)2.512 F .012(The re)5.012 F .012
(written 1991 v)-.25 F .012(ersion is still a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .012
(ilable as).25 F(part of the Documenter')72 523.8 Q 2.5(sW)-.55 G
(ork Bench module of System V)-3.3 E(.)-1.29 E .092(Where dif)97 539.4 R
.092(ferences between Documenter')-.25 F 2.592(sW)-.55 G .092
(ork Bench \(1991\))-3.392 F F4(pic)2.593 E F3 .093(and GNU)2.593 F F4
(pic)2.593 E F3 .093(need to be described, original)2.593 F F4(pic)72
551.4 Q F3(is referred to as \231D)2.5 E(WB pic\232.)-.3 E
(Details on the history of the program are gi)5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(na)
.15 G 2.5(tt)-2.5 G(he end of this document.)-2.5 E(The)97 567 Q F4
(pic2plot)2.72 E F3 .22(program does not require the rest of the)2.72 F
F1(gr)2.72 E(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F3 .22
(\(1\) toolchain to render graphics.)1.96 F .22(It can display)5.22 F F4
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H 2.616(rg).65 G .116(enerate output plots in a lar)-2.616 F .116
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(In this document,)97 642.6 Q F1(gpic)2.5 E F3(\(1\) and).31 E F1
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72 159.6 Q 2.5(At)5 G(ypical error message looks lik)-2.5 E(e)-.1 E/F3
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5.427 E(is an e)72 283.2 Q(xample illustrating the \215o)-.15 E 2.5(wo)
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2.5 E/F5 9/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 404.8 Q(ellipse "document";)108 415.8 Q
(arrow;)108 426.8 Q(box width 0.6 "\\fIgpic\\/\\fP\(1\)")108 437.8 Q
(arrow;)108 448.8 Q(box width 1.1 "\\fIgtbl\\/\\fP\(1\) or \\fIgeqn\\/\
\\fP\(1\)" "\(optional\)" dashed;)108 459.8 Q(arrow;)108 470.8 Q
(box width 0.6 "\\fIgtroff\\/\\fP\(1\)";)108 481.8 Q(arrow;)108 492.8 Q
(ellipse "PostScript")108 503.8 Q(.PE)108 514.8 Q F0 .737
(This little program illustrates se)72 536.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E
F2(pic)3.237 E F0 3.237(basics. Firstly)3.237 F 3.237(,w)-.65 G 3.236
(es)-3.237 G .736(ee ho)-3.236 F 3.236(wt)-.25 G 3.236(oi)-3.236 G -1.9
-.4(nv o)-3.236 H .936 -.1(ke t).4 H .736
(hree object types; ellipses, arro).1 F(ws,)-.25 E .623(and box)72 548.4
R 3.123(es. W)-.15 F 3.124(es)-.8 G .624(ee ho)-3.124 F 3.124(wt)-.25 G
3.124(od)-3.124 G .624(eclare te)-3.124 F .624
(xt lines to go within an object \(and that te)-.15 F .624(xt can ha)
-.15 F .924 -.15(ve f)-.2 H .624(ont changes in it\).).15 F -.8(We)5.624
G .283(see ho)72 560.4 R 2.783(wt)-.25 G 2.783(oc)-2.783 G .283
(hange the line style of an object from solid \(the def)-2.783 F .282
(ault\) to dashed.)-.1 F .282(And we see that a box can be made)5.282 F
(wider than its def)72 572.4 Q(ault size to accommodate more te)-.1 E
(xt \(we')-.15 E(ll discuss this f)-.1 E(acility in detail in the ne)-.1
E(xt section\).)-.15 E 1.673 -.8(We a)97 588 T .074(lso get to see).8 F
F2(pic)2.574 E F0 1.174 -.55('s s)D .074(imple syntax.).55 F .074
(Statements are ended by ne)5.074 F .074(wlines or semicolons.)-.25 F
.074(String quotes are re-)5.074 F .565(quired around all te)72 600 R
.564(xt ar)-.15 F .564(guments, whether or not the)-.18 F 3.064(yc)-.15
G .564(ontain spaces.)-3.064 F .564(In general, the order of command ar)
5.564 F(guments)-.18 E(and modi\214ers lik)72 612 Q 2.5<6599>-.1 G
(width 1.2\232 or \231dashed\232 doesn')-2.5 E 2.5(tm)-.18 G(atter)-2.5
E 2.5(,e)-.4 G(xcept that the order of te)-2.65 E(xt ar)-.15 E
(guments is signi\214cant.)-.18 E(Here are all b)97 627.6 Q
(ut one of the basic)-.2 E F2(pic)2.5 E F0(objects at their def)2.5 E
(ault sizes:)-.1 E 153 681.6 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(box)
118.5 665.8 Q 225 663.6 189 663.6 DL(line)199.5 659.8 Q 297 663.6 MT
-7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 297 663.6 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1
LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 289.8 663.6 261 663.6 DL(arro)267.465 659.8 Q(w)-.25 E
351 663.6 18 DC ST(circle)339.895 665.8 Q 54 36 432 663.6 DE ST(ellipse)
418.945 665.8 Q 495 645.6 18 90 0 DA(arc)506.895 683.8 Q
(Figure 3-2: Basic)248.225 704.6 Q F2(pic)2.5 E F0(objects)2.5 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-3-)300.17 48 Q .249
(The missing simple object type is a)97 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(spline)2.749 E F0 5.249(.T)C .249(here is also a w)-5.249 F .249
(ay to collect objects into)-.1 F F1(bloc)2.749 E 2.749(kc)-.2 G
(omposites)-2.749 E F0(which)2.749 E(allo)72 96 Q .219(ws you to treat \
the whole group as a single object \(resembling a box\) for man)-.25 F
2.719(yp)-.15 G 2.719(urposes. W)-2.719 F(e')-.8 E .219
(ll describe both of)-.1 F(these later on.)72 108 Q .183
(The box, ellipse, circle, and block composite objects are)97 123.6 R F1
(closed)2.684 E F0 2.684(;l).77 G .184(ines, arro)-2.684 F .184
(ws, arcs and splines are)-.25 F F1(open)2.684 E F0 5.184(.T)C(his)
-5.184 E(distinction is often important in e)72 135.6 Q
(xplaining command modi\214ers.)-.15 E(Figure 3-2 w)97 151.2 Q
(as produced by the follo)-.1 E(wing)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pic)
2.5 E F0(program, which introduces some more basic concepts:)2.5 E/F3 10
/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 169.2 Q(box "box";)108 181.2 Q(move;)108 193.2 Q
(line "line" "";)108 205.2 Q(move;)108 217.2 Q(arrow "arrow" "";)108
229.2 Q(move;)108 241.2 Q(circle "circle";)108 253.2 Q(move;)108 265.2 Q
(ellipse "ellipse";)108 277.2 Q(move;)108 289.2 Q
(arc; down; move; "arc")108 301.2 Q(.PE)108 313.2 Q F0 .233
(The \214rst thing to notice is the)97 334.8 R F1(mo)2.733 E(ve)-.1 E F0
.233(command, which mo)2.733 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.733(sad).15 G(ef)-2.733
E .232(ault distance \(1/2 inch\) in the current mo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
(-).15 E(ment direction.)72 346.8 Q(Secondly)97 362.4 Q 3.026(,s)-.65 G
.526(ee ho)-3.026 F 3.026(ww)-.25 G 3.026(ec)-3.026 G .527
(an also decorate lines and arro)-3.026 F .527(ws with te)-.25 F 3.027
(xt. The)-.15 F .527(line and arro)3.027 F 3.027(wc)-.25 G .527
(ommands each tak)-3.027 F(e)-.1 E(tw)72 374.4 Q 2.912(oa)-.1 G -.18(rg)
-2.912 G .412(uments here, specifying te).18 F .412(xt to go abo)-.15 F
.712 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .412(nd belo).15 F 2.912(wt)-.25 G .412
(he object.)-2.912 F .411(If you w)5.411 F .411(onder wh)-.1 F 2.911(yo)
-.05 G .411(ne ar)-2.911 F .411(gument w)-.18 F .411(ould not)-.1 F
(do, contemplate the output of)72 386.4 Q F2(arr)2.5 E .2 -.1(ow ")-.18
H -.1(ow).1 G(!").1 E F0(:)A 324 404.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg
324 404.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 316.8 404.4
288 404.4 DL -.25(ow)298.35 406.6 S(!).25 E(Figure 3-3: T)230.46 427.4 Q
-.15(ex)-.7 G 2.5(tc).15 G(entered on an arro)-2.5 E(w)-.25 E .263
(When a command tak)97 455 R .263(es one te)-.1 F .263(xt string,)-.15 F
F2(pic)2.763 E F0 .263(tries to place it at the object')2.763 F 2.763
(sg)-.55 G .263(eometric center)-2.763 F 5.263(.A)-.55 G 2.763(sy)-5.263
G .263(ou add more)-2.763 F(strings,)72 467 Q F2(pic)2.5 E F0
(treats them as a v)2.5 E(ertical block to be centered.)-.15 E
(The program)5 E F3(line "1";)108 485 Q(line "1" "2";)108 497 Q
(line "1" "2" "3";)108 509 Q(line "1" "2" "3" "4";)108 521 Q
(line "1" "2" "3" "4" "5";)108 533 Q F0(for e)72 554.6 Q(xample, gi)-.15
E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G(ou this:)-2.5 E 252 596.6 216 596.6 DL(1)
231.5 598.8 Q 288 596.6 252 596.6 DL(1)267.5 592.8 Q(2)267.5 604.8 Q 324
596.6 288 596.6 DL(1)303.5 586.8 Q(2)303.5 598.8 Q(3)303.5 610.8 Q 360
596.6 324 596.6 DL(1)339.5 580.8 Q(2)339.5 592.8 Q(3)339.5 604.8 Q(4)
339.5 616.8 Q 396 596.6 360 596.6 DL(1)375.5 574.8 Q(2)375.5 586.8 Q(3)
375.5 598.8 Q(4)375.5 610.8 Q(5)375.5 622.8 Q(Figure 3-4: Ef)214.355
643.6 Q(fects of multiple te)-.25 E(xt ar)-.15 E(guments)-.18 E 1.177
(The last line of Figure 3-2')97 671.2 R 3.677(sp)-.55 G 1.177
(rogram, `)-3.677 F F2(ar)A 1.177(c; do)-.18 F 1.177(wn; mo)-.1 F -.1
(ve)-.1 G 3.677(;").1 G(ar)-3.677 E(c")-.18 E F0 1.176
(', describing the captioned arc, introduces)B(se)72 683.2 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 1.102(ral ne).15 F 3.602(wi)-.25 G 3.602(deas. Firstly)-3.602 F
3.602(,w)-.65 G 3.602(es)-3.602 G 1.102(ee ho)-3.602 F 3.602(wt)-.25 G
3.602(oc)-3.602 G 1.102
(hange the direction in which objects are joined.)-3.602 F 1.102
(Had we written)6.102 F F2(ar)3.603 E(c;)-.18 E(mo)72 695.2 Q -.1(ve)-.1
G 2.5(;").1 G(ar)-2.5 E(c")-.18 E F0 2.5(,o)C(mitting)-2.5 E F2(do)2.5 E
(wn)-.1 E F0(the caption w)2.5 E(ould ha)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
(een joined to the top of the arc, lik).15 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(his:)-2.5 E 0
Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-4-)300.17 48 Q .4 LW 297 120 18 90 0 DA(arc)
308.895 86.2 Q(Figure 3-5: Result of)226.58 161 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(ar)2.5 E(c; mo)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.5(;").1 G(ar)-2.5 E(c")-.18 E F0
.214(This is because dra)97 188.6 R .214(wing an arc changes the def)
-.15 F .214(ault direction to the one its e)-.1 F .214
(xit end points at.)-.15 F 1.814 -.8(To r)5.214 H .214(einforce this).8
F(point, consider:)72 200.6 Q 297 236.6 18 -0 -90 DA(arc)308.895 274.8 Q
(Figure 3-6: Result of)219.5 295.6 Q F1(ar)2.5 E 2.5(cc)-.18 G(w; mo)
-2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.5(;").1 G(ar)-2.5 E(c")-.18 E F0 .45(All we')97
323.2 R .75 -.15(ve d)-.5 H .45(one dif).15 F .451(ferently here is spe\
cify \231cw\232 for a clockwise arc \(\231ccw\232 speci\214es counter)
-.25 F .451(-clockwise direc-)-.2 F 2.5(tion\). Observ)72 335.2 R 2.5
(eh)-.15 G .5 -.25(ow i)-2.5 H 2.5(tc).25 G(hanges the def)-2.5 E
(ault direction to do)-.1 E(wn, rather than up.)-.25 E(Another good w)97
350.8 Q(ay to see this via with the follo)-.1 E(wing program:)-.25 E/F2
10/Courier@0 SF(line; arc; arc cw; line)108 368.8 Q F0(which yields:)72
390.4 Q 288 444.4 252 444.4 DL 288 426.4 18 90 0 DA 324 426.4 18 -90 180
DA 360 408.4 324 408.4 DL(Figure 3-7: Result of)217.86 467.4 Q F1
(line; ar)2.5 E(c; ar)-.18 E 2.5(cc)-.18 G(w; line)-2.5 E F0
(Notice that we did not ha)72 495 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(os).15 G(pec\
ify \231up\232 for the second arc to be joined to the end of the \214rs\
t.)-2.5 E(Finally)97 510.6 Q 2.526(,o)-.65 G(bserv)-2.526 E 2.526(et)
-.15 G .025(hat a string, alone, is treated as te)-2.526 F .025
(xt to be surrounded by an in)-.15 F .025
(visible box of a size either spec-)-.4 F .406
(i\214ed by width and height attrib)72 522.6 R .406(utes or by the def)
-.2 F(aults)-.1 E F1(textwid)2.906 E F0(and)2.906 E F1(textht)2.906 E F0
5.406(.B)C .407(oth are initially zero \(because we don')-5.406 F(t)-.18
E(kno)72 534.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he def)-2.5 E(ault font size\).)-.1 E F1
2.5(4. Sizes)72 558.6 R(and Spacing)2.5 E F0 1.212
(Sizes are speci\214ed in inches.)97 574.2 R 1.212(If you don')6.212 F
3.712(tl)-.18 G(ik)-3.712 E 3.712(ei)-.1 G 1.212(nches, it')-3.712 F
3.712(sp)-.55 G 1.211(ossible to set a global style v)-3.712 F(ariable)
-.25 E F1(scale)3.711 E F0(that)3.711 E .15(changes the unit.)72 586.2 R
(Setting)5.15 E F1 .15(scale = 2.54)2.65 F F0(ef)2.65 E(fecti)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G .15
(ly changes the internal unit to centimeters \(all other size v).15 F
.15(ariable v)-.25 F(al-)-.25 E(ues are scaled correspondingly\).)72
598.2 Q F1 2.5(4.1. Default)72 622.2 R(Sizes of Objects)2.5 E F0
(Here are the def)97 637.8 Q(ault sizes for)-.1 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0
(objects:)2.5 E F1 12.5(Object Default)236.37 657.8 R(Size)2.5 E .08 LW
375.63 664.3 236.37 664.3 DL 272.75 646.3 272.75 666.3 DL F0 26.38
(box 0.75")236.37 675.8 R(wide by 0.5" high)2.5 E 19.17(circle 0.5")
236.37 687.8 R(diameter)2.5 E 15.27(ellipse 0.75")236.37 699.8 R
(wide by 0.5" high)2.5 E 29.17(arc 0.5")236.37 711.8 R(radius)2.5 E
272.75 666.3 272.75 714.3 DL 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-5-)300.17 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 12.5
(Object Default)236.37 86 R(Size)2.5 E .08 LW 375.63 92.5 236.37 92.5 DL
272.75 74.5 272.75 94.5 DL F0 26.38(line 0.5")236.37 104 R(long)2.5 E
(arro)236.37 116 Q 20.81(w0)-.25 G(.5" long)-20.81 E 375.63 125.5 236.37
125.5 DL 272.75 94.5 272.75 125.5 DL .758(The simplest w)97 141 R .758
(ay to think about these def)-.1 F .758(aults is that the)-.1 F 3.257
(ym)-.15 G(ak)-3.257 E 3.257(et)-.1 G .757
(he other basic objects \214t snugly into a de-)-3.257 F -.1(fa)72 153 S
(ult-sized box.).1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pic2plot)97 168.6 Q F0 .873
(\(1\) does not necessarily emit a ph).68 F .873
(ysical inch for each virtual inch in its dra)-.05 F .874
(wing coordinate system.)-.15 F .101(Instead, it dra)72 180.6 R .101
(ws on a can)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.601(s8v).25 G .101
(irtual inches by 8 virtual inches wide.)-2.601 F .1
(If its output page size is \231letter\232, these virtual)5.1 F .735
(inches will map to real ones.)72 192.6 R .735(Specifying a dif)5.735 F
.735(ferent page size \(such as, say)-.25 F 3.235<2c99>-.65 G .735
(a4\232\) will scale virtual inches so the)-3.235 F(y)-.15 E .061
(are output as one eighth of the page width.)72 204.6 R(Also,)5.061 E F2
(pic2plot)2.561 E F0 .061(\(1\) centers all images by def).68 F .061
(ault, though the)-.1 F F1<ad6e>2.561 E F0 .061(option can)2.561 F
(be used to pre)72 216.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this.).15 E F1 2.5
(4.2. Objects)72 240.6 R(Do Not Str)2.5 E(etch!)-.18 E F0 -1.25 -.7
(Te x)97 256.2 T 2.585(ti).7 G 2.585(sr)-2.585 G .085
(endered in the current font with normal trof)-2.585 F 2.586(fl)-.25 G
.086(ine spacing.)-2.586 F(Box)5.086 E .086
(es, circles, and ellipses do)-.15 F F2(not)2.586 E F0(automat-)2.586 E
(ically resize to \214t enclosed te)72 268.2 Q 2.5(xt. Thus,)-.15 F
(if you say)2.5 E F1(box "this text far too long f)2.5 E
(or a default box")-.25 E F0(you')2.5 E(ll get this:)-.1 E 333 322.2 MT
0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST(this te)226.6 306.4 Q(xt is f)-.15
E(ar too long for a def)-.1 E(ault box)-.1 E(Figure 4-1: Box)214.695
345.2 Q(es do not automatically resize)-.15 E
(which is probably not the ef)72 372.8 Q(fect you w)-.25 E(ant.)-.1 E F1
2.5(4.3. Resizing)72 396.8 R(Boxes)2.5 E F0 1.6 -.8(To c)97 412.4 T(han\
ge the box size, you can specify a box width with the \231width\232 mod\
i\214er:).8 E 414 466.4 MT 0 -36 RL -216 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(this te)
226.6 450.6 Q(xt is f)-.15 E(ar too long for a def)-.1 E(ault box)-.1 E
(Figure 4-2: Result of)197.12 489.4 Q F1
(box width 3 "text far too long")2.5 E F0 .237(This modi\214er tak)97
517 R .237(es a dimension in inches.)-.1 F .237
(There is also a \231height\232 modi\214er that changes a box')5.237 F
2.736(sh)-.55 G 2.736(eight. The)-2.736 F F1(width)72 529 Q F0 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ord may be abbre)-.1 E(viated to)-.25 E F1(wid)2.5 E F0
2.5(;t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(height)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ord to)-.1
E F1(ht)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 2.5(4.4. Resizing)72 553 R(Other Object T)2.5 E
(ypes)-.34 E F0 1.773 -.8(To c)97 568.6 T .173
(hange the size of a circle, gi).8 F .473 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.673(ta).15
G F1(rad[ius])A F0(or)2.673 E F1(diam[eter])2.673 E F0 .173
(modi\214er; this changes the radius or diameter of)2.673 F
(the circle, according to the numeric ar)72 580.6 Q(gument that follo)
-.18 E(ws.)-.25 E 241.2 620.2 7.2 DC ST(0.1)234.95 644 Q 284.4 620.2
14.4 DC ST(0.2)278.15 622.4 Q 356.4 620.2 21.6 DC ST(0.3)350.15 622.4 Q
(Figure 4-3: Circles with increasing radii)225.87 664.8 Q(The)97 692.4 Q
F1(mo)2.772 E -.1(ve)-.1 G F0 .272(command can also tak)2.872 F 2.772
(ead)-.1 G .272(imension, which just tells it ho)-2.772 F 2.772(wm)-.25
G(an)-2.772 E 2.772(yi)-.15 G .272(nches to mo)-2.772 F .572 -.15(ve i)
-.15 H 2.772(nt).15 G .272(he current di-)-2.772 F(rection.)72 704.4 Q 0
Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-6-)300.17 48 Q .258(Ellipses are sized to \214\
t in the rectangular box de\214ned by their ax)97 84 R .258
(es, and can be resized with)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(width)2.758 E
F0(and)2.758 E F1(height)2.758 E F0(lik)72 96 Q 2.5(eb)-.1 G(ox)-2.5 E
(es.)-.15 E -1.1(Yo)97 111.6 S 2.723(uc)1.1 G .223
(an also change the radius of curv)-2.723 F .223(ature of an arc with)
-.25 F F1(rad[ius])2.723 E F0 .223
(\(which speci\214es the radius of the circle of)2.723 F
(which the arc is a se)72 123.6 Q 2.5(gment\). Lar)-.15 F(ger v)-.18 E
(alues yield \215atter arcs.)-.25 E .4 LW 259.2 156 7.2 90 0 DA(0.1)
252.95 179.8 Q 295.2 148.8 14.4 90 0 DA(0.2)288.95 179.8 Q 331.2 141.6
21.6 90 0 DA(0.3)324.95 179.8 Q(Figure 4-4:)224.435 200.6 Q F1(ar)2.5 E
2.5(cr)-.18 G(ad)-2.5 E F0(with increasing radii)2.5 E(Observ)97 228.2 Q
3.198(et)-.15 G .699(hat because an arc is de\214ned as a quarter circl\
e, increasing the radius also increases the size of the)-3.198 F(arc')72
240.2 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ounding box.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(4.5. The)72 264.2 R
(`same' K)2.5 E(eyw)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .582
(In place of a dimension speci\214cation, you can use the k)97 279.8 R
-.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G(rd).1 E F1(same)3.082 E F0 5.581(.T)C .581
(his gi)-5.581 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.081(st).15 G .581
(he object the same size as)-3.081 F(the pre)72 291.8 Q
(vious one of its type.)-.25 E(As an e)5 E(xample, the program)-.15 E/F2
10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 309.8 Q(box; box wid 1 ht 1; box same; box)108
321.8 Q(.PE)108 333.8 Q F0(gi)72 355.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G(ou)
-2.5 E 234 427.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 306 445.4 MT 0 -72
RL -72 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 378 445.4 MT 0 -72 RL -72 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST
432 427.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(Figure 4-5: The)243.965
468.4 Q F1(same)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ord)-.1 E F1 2.5
(5. Generalized)72 504.4 R(Lines and Splines)2.5 E 2.5(5.1. Diagonal)72
528.4 R(Lines)2.5 E F0 .264
(It is possible to specify diagonal lines or arro)97 544 R .265
(ws by adding multiple)-.25 F F1(up)2.765 E F0(,)A F1(do)2.765 E(wn)-.1
E F0(,)A F1(left)2.765 E F0 2.765(,a)C(nd)-2.765 E F1(right)2.765 E F0
.265(modi\214ers to the)2.765 F .004(line object.)72 556 R(An)5.004 E
2.504(yo)-.15 G 2.504(ft)-2.504 G .004(hese can ha)-2.504 F .304 -.15
(ve a m)-.2 H(ultiplier).15 E 5.004(.T)-.55 G 2.504(ou)-5.804 G .003
(nderstand the ef)-2.504 F .003(fects, think of the dra)-.25 F .003
(wing area as being gridded)-.15 F(with standard-sized box)72 568 Q(es.)
-.15 E 108 586 MT 6.336 3.816 RL -2.52 2.52 RL CL 0 Fg 108 586 MT 6.336
3.816 RL -2.52 2.52 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 113.112 591.112 144 622 DL
108 622 108 622 DL 111.6 622 111.6 622 DL 115.2 622 115.2 622 DL 118.8
622 118.8 622 DL 122.4 622 122.4 622 DL 126 622 126 622 DL 129.6 622
129.6 622 DL 133.2 622 133.2 622 DL 136.8 622 136.8 622 DL 140.4 622
140.4 622 DL 144 622 144 622 DL 144 622 144 622 DL 144 618.4 144 618.4
DL 144 614.8 144 614.8 DL 144 611.2 144 611.2 DL 144 607.6 144 607.6 DL
144 604 144 604 DL 144 600.4 144 600.4 DL 144 596.8 144 596.8 DL 144
593.2 144 593.2 DL 144 589.6 144 589.6 DL 144 586 144 586 DL 144 586 144
586 DL 140.4 586 140.4 586 DL 136.8 586 136.8 586 DL 133.2 586 133.2 586
DL 129.6 586 129.6 586 DL 126 586 126 586 DL 122.4 586 122.4 586 DL
118.8 586 118.8 586 DL 115.2 586 115.2 586 DL 111.6 586 111.6 586 DL 108
586 108 586 DL 108 586 108 586 DL 108 589.6 108 589.6 DL 108 593.2 108
593.2 DL 108 596.8 108 596.8 DL 108 600.4 108 600.4 DL 108 604 108 604
DL 108 607.6 108 607.6 DL 108 611.2 108 611.2 DL 108 614.8 108 614.8 DL
108 618.4 108 618.4 DL 108 622 108 622 DL F1(arr)90.59 642.2 Q .2 -.1
(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 0.5)-2.5 E 187.2 586 MT 7.272 1.584 RL
-1.584 3.24 RL CL 0 Fg 187.2 586 MT 7.272 1.584 RL -1.584 3.24 RL CL .1
LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 193.608 589.24 259.2 622 DL 187.2 622 187.2 622 DL
190.8 622 190.8 622 DL 194.4 622 194.4 622 DL 198 622 198 622 DL 201.6
622 201.6 622 DL 205.2 622 205.2 622 DL 208.8 622 208.8 622 DL 212.4 622
212.4 622 DL 216 622 216 622 DL 219.6 622 219.6 622 DL 223.2 622 223.2
622 DL 223.2 622 223.2 622 DL 223.2 618.4 223.2 618.4 DL 223.2 614.8
223.2 614.8 DL 223.2 611.2 223.2 611.2 DL 223.2 607.6 223.2 607.6 DL
223.2 604 223.2 604 DL 223.2 600.4 223.2 600.4 DL 223.2 596.8 223.2
596.8 DL 223.2 593.2 223.2 593.2 DL 223.2 589.6 223.2 589.6 DL 223.2 586
223.2 586 DL 223.2 586 223.2 586 DL 219.6 586 219.6 586 DL 216 586 216
586 DL 212.4 586 212.4 586 DL 208.8 586 208.8 586 DL 205.2 586 205.2 586
DL 201.6 586 201.6 586 DL 198 586 198 586 DL 194.4 586 194.4 586 DL
190.8 586 190.8 586 DL 187.2 586 187.2 586 DL 187.2 586 187.2 586 DL
187.2 589.6 187.2 589.6 DL 187.2 593.2 187.2 593.2 DL 187.2 596.8 187.2
596.8 DL 187.2 600.4 187.2 600.4 DL 187.2 604 187.2 604 DL 187.2 607.6
187.2 607.6 DL 187.2 611.2 187.2 611.2 DL 187.2 614.8 187.2 614.8 DL
187.2 618.4 187.2 618.4 DL 187.2 622 187.2 622 DL 223.2 622 223.2 622 DL
226.8 622 226.8 622 DL 230.4 622 230.4 622 DL 234 622 234 622 DL 237.6
622 237.6 622 DL 241.2 622 241.2 622 DL 244.8 622 244.8 622 DL 248.4 622
248.4 622 DL 252 622 252 622 DL 255.6 622 255.6 622 DL 259.2 622 259.2
622 DL 259.2 622 259.2 622 DL 259.2 618.4 259.2 618.4 DL 259.2 614.8
259.2 614.8 DL 259.2 611.2 259.2 611.2 DL 259.2 607.6 259.2 607.6 DL
259.2 604 259.2 604 DL 259.2 600.4 259.2 600.4 DL 259.2 596.8 259.2
596.8 DL 259.2 593.2 259.2 593.2 DL 259.2 589.6 259.2 589.6 DL 259.2 586
259.2 586 DL 259.2 586 259.2 586 DL 255.6 586 255.6 586 DL 252 586 252
586 DL 248.4 586 248.4 586 DL 244.8 586 244.8 586 DL 241.2 586 241.2 586
DL 237.6 586 237.6 586 DL 234 586 234 586 DL 230.4 586 230.4 586 DL
226.8 586 226.8 586 DL 223.2 586 223.2 586 DL 223.2 586 223.2 586 DL
223.2 589.6 223.2 589.6 DL 223.2 593.2 223.2 593.2 DL 223.2 596.8 223.2
596.8 DL 223.2 600.4 223.2 600.4 DL 223.2 604 223.2 604 DL 223.2 607.6
223.2 607.6 DL 223.2 611.2 223.2 611.2 DL 223.2 614.8 223.2 614.8 DL
223.2 618.4 223.2 618.4 DL 223.2 622 223.2 622 DL(arr)191.54 642.2 Q .2
-.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 1)-2.5 E 302.4 586 MT 7.416 .576 RL
-1.152 3.384 RL CL 0 Fg 302.4 586 MT 7.416 .576 RL -1.152 3.384 RL CL .1
LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 309.24 588.304 410.4 622 DL 302.4 622 302.4 622 DL 306
622 306 622 DL 309.6 622 309.6 622 DL 313.2 622 313.2 622 DL 316.8 622
316.8 622 DL 320.4 622 320.4 622 DL 324 622 324 622 DL 327.6 622 327.6
622 DL 331.2 622 331.2 622 DL 334.8 622 334.8 622 DL 338.4 622 338.4 622
DL 338.4 622 338.4 622 DL 338.4 618.4 338.4 618.4 DL 338.4 614.8 338.4
614.8 DL 338.4 611.2 338.4 611.2 DL 338.4 607.6 338.4 607.6 DL 338.4 604
338.4 604 DL 338.4 600.4 338.4 600.4 DL 338.4 596.8 338.4 596.8 DL 338.4
593.2 338.4 593.2 DL 338.4 589.6 338.4 589.6 DL 338.4 586 338.4 586 DL
338.4 586 338.4 586 DL 334.8 586 334.8 586 DL 331.2 586 331.2 586 DL
327.6 586 327.6 586 DL 324 586 324 586 DL 320.4 586 320.4 586 DL 316.8
586 316.8 586 DL 313.2 586 313.2 586 DL 309.6 586 309.6 586 DL 306 586
306 586 DL 302.4 586 302.4 586 DL 302.4 586 302.4 586 DL 302.4 589.6
302.4 589.6 DL 302.4 593.2 302.4 593.2 DL 302.4 596.8 302.4 596.8 DL
302.4 600.4 302.4 600.4 DL 302.4 604 302.4 604 DL 302.4 607.6 302.4
607.6 DL 302.4 611.2 302.4 611.2 DL 302.4 614.8 302.4 614.8 DL 302.4
618.4 302.4 618.4 DL 302.4 622 302.4 622 DL 338.4 622 338.4 622 DL 342
622 342 622 DL 345.6 622 345.6 622 DL 349.2 622 349.2 622 DL 352.8 622
352.8 622 DL 356.4 622 356.4 622 DL 360 622 360 622 DL 363.6 622 363.6
622 DL 367.2 622 367.2 622 DL 370.8 622 370.8 622 DL 374.4 622 374.4 622
DL 374.4 622 374.4 622 DL 374.4 618.4 374.4 618.4 DL 374.4 614.8 374.4
614.8 DL 374.4 611.2 374.4 611.2 DL 374.4 607.6 374.4 607.6 DL 374.4 604
374.4 604 DL 374.4 600.4 374.4 600.4 DL 374.4 596.8 374.4 596.8 DL 374.4
593.2 374.4 593.2 DL 374.4 589.6 374.4 589.6 DL 374.4 586 374.4 586 DL
374.4 586 374.4 586 DL 370.8 586 370.8 586 DL 367.2 586 367.2 586 DL
363.6 586 363.6 586 DL 360 586 360 586 DL 356.4 586 356.4 586 DL 352.8
586 352.8 586 DL 349.2 586 349.2 586 DL 345.6 586 345.6 586 DL 342 586
342 586 DL 338.4 586 338.4 586 DL 338.4 586 338.4 586 DL 338.4 589.6
338.4 589.6 DL 338.4 593.2 338.4 593.2 DL 338.4 596.8 338.4 596.8 DL
338.4 600.4 338.4 600.4 DL 338.4 604 338.4 604 DL 338.4 607.6 338.4
607.6 DL 338.4 611.2 338.4 611.2 DL 338.4 614.8 338.4 614.8 DL 338.4
618.4 338.4 618.4 DL 338.4 622 338.4 622 DL 374.4 622 374.4 622 DL 378
622 378 622 DL 381.6 622 381.6 622 DL 385.2 622 385.2 622 DL 388.8 622
388.8 622 DL 392.4 622 392.4 622 DL 396 622 396 622 DL 399.6 622 399.6
622 DL 403.2 622 403.2 622 DL 406.8 622 406.8 622 DL 410.4 622 410.4 622
DL 410.4 622 410.4 622 DL 410.4 618.4 410.4 618.4 DL 410.4 614.8 410.4
614.8 DL 410.4 611.2 410.4 611.2 DL 410.4 607.6 410.4 607.6 DL 410.4 604
410.4 604 DL 410.4 600.4 410.4 600.4 DL 410.4 596.8 410.4 596.8 DL 410.4
593.2 410.4 593.2 DL 410.4 589.6 410.4 589.6 DL 410.4 586 410.4 586 DL
410.4 586 410.4 586 DL 406.8 586 406.8 586 DL 403.2 586 403.2 586 DL
399.6 586 399.6 586 DL 396 586 396 586 DL 392.4 586 392.4 586 DL 388.8
586 388.8 586 DL 385.2 586 385.2 586 DL 381.6 586 381.6 586 DL 378 586
378 586 DL 374.4 586 374.4 586 DL 374.4 586 374.4 586 DL 374.4 589.6
374.4 589.6 DL 374.4 593.2 374.4 593.2 DL 374.4 596.8 374.4 596.8 DL
374.4 600.4 374.4 600.4 DL 374.4 604 374.4 604 DL 374.4 607.6 374.4
607.6 DL 374.4 611.2 374.4 611.2 DL 374.4 614.8 374.4 614.8 DL 374.4
618.4 374.4 618.4 DL 374.4 622 374.4 622 DL(arr)320.99 642.2 Q .2 -.1
(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 1.5)-2.5 E 453.6 586 MT 7.416 0 RL -.864
3.528 RL CL 0 Fg 453.6 586 MT 7.416 0 RL -.864 3.528 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST
.4 LW 460.584 587.728 597.6 622 DL 453.6 622 453.6 622 DL 457.2 622
457.2 622 DL 460.8 622 460.8 622 DL 464.4 622 464.4 622 DL 468 622 468
622 DL 471.6 622 471.6 622 DL 475.2 622 475.2 622 DL 478.8 622 478.8 622
DL 482.4 622 482.4 622 DL 486 622 486 622 DL 489.6 622 489.6 622 DL
489.6 622 489.6 622 DL 489.6 618.4 489.6 618.4 DL 489.6 614.8 489.6
614.8 DL 489.6 611.2 489.6 611.2 DL 489.6 607.6 489.6 607.6 DL 489.6 604
489.6 604 DL 489.6 600.4 489.6 600.4 DL 489.6 596.8 489.6 596.8 DL 489.6
593.2 489.6 593.2 DL 489.6 589.6 489.6 589.6 DL 489.6 586 489.6 586 DL
489.6 586 489.6 586 DL 486 586 486 586 DL 482.4 586 482.4 586 DL 478.8
586 478.8 586 DL 475.2 586 475.2 586 DL 471.6 586 471.6 586 DL 468 586
468 586 DL 464.4 586 464.4 586 DL 460.8 586 460.8 586 DL 457.2 586 457.2
586 DL 453.6 586 453.6 586 DL 453.6 586 453.6 586 DL 453.6 589.6 453.6
589.6 DL 453.6 593.2 453.6 593.2 DL 453.6 596.8 453.6 596.8 DL 453.6
600.4 453.6 600.4 DL 453.6 604 453.6 604 DL 453.6 607.6 453.6 607.6 DL
453.6 611.2 453.6 611.2 DL 453.6 614.8 453.6 614.8 DL 453.6 618.4 453.6
618.4 DL 453.6 622 453.6 622 DL 489.6 622 489.6 622 DL 493.2 622 493.2
622 DL 496.8 622 496.8 622 DL 500.4 622 500.4 622 DL 504 622 504 622 DL
507.6 622 507.6 622 DL 511.2 622 511.2 622 DL 514.8 622 514.8 622 DL
518.4 622 518.4 622 DL 522 622 522 622 DL 525.6 622 525.6 622 DL 525.6
622 525.6 622 DL 525.6 618.4 525.6 618.4 DL 525.6 614.8 525.6 614.8 DL
525.6 611.2 525.6 611.2 DL 525.6 607.6 525.6 607.6 DL 525.6 604 525.6
604 DL 525.6 600.4 525.6 600.4 DL 525.6 596.8 525.6 596.8 DL 525.6 593.2
525.6 593.2 DL 525.6 589.6 525.6 589.6 DL 525.6 586 525.6 586 DL 525.6
586 525.6 586 DL 522 586 522 586 DL 518.4 586 518.4 586 DL 514.8 586
514.8 586 DL 511.2 586 511.2 586 DL 507.6 586 507.6 586 DL 504 586 504
586 DL 500.4 586 500.4 586 DL 496.8 586 496.8 586 DL 493.2 586 493.2 586
DL 489.6 586 489.6 586 DL 489.6 586 489.6 586 DL 489.6 589.6 489.6 589.6
DL 489.6 593.2 489.6 593.2 DL 489.6 596.8 489.6 596.8 DL 489.6 600.4
489.6 600.4 DL 489.6 604 489.6 604 DL 489.6 607.6 489.6 607.6 DL 489.6
611.2 489.6 611.2 DL 489.6 614.8 489.6 614.8 DL 489.6 618.4 489.6 618.4
DL 489.6 622 489.6 622 DL 525.6 622 525.6 622 DL 529.2 622 529.2 622 DL
532.8 622 532.8 622 DL 536.4 622 536.4 622 DL 540 622 540 622 DL 543.6
622 543.6 622 DL 547.2 622 547.2 622 DL 550.8 622 550.8 622 DL 554.4 622
554.4 622 DL 558 622 558 622 DL 561.6 622 561.6 622 DL 561.6 622 561.6
622 DL 561.6 618.4 561.6 618.4 DL 561.6 614.8 561.6 614.8 DL 561.6 611.2
561.6 611.2 DL 561.6 607.6 561.6 607.6 DL 561.6 604 561.6 604 DL 561.6
600.4 561.6 600.4 DL 561.6 596.8 561.6 596.8 DL 561.6 593.2 561.6 593.2
DL 561.6 589.6 561.6 589.6 DL 561.6 586 561.6 586 DL 561.6 586 561.6 586
DL 558 586 558 586 DL 554.4 586 554.4 586 DL 550.8 586 550.8 586 DL
547.2 586 547.2 586 DL 543.6 586 543.6 586 DL 540 586 540 586 DL 536.4
586 536.4 586 DL 532.8 586 532.8 586 DL 529.2 586 529.2 586 DL 525.6 586
525.6 586 DL 525.6 586 525.6 586 DL 525.6 589.6 525.6 589.6 DL 525.6
593.2 525.6 593.2 DL 525.6 596.8 525.6 596.8 DL 525.6 600.4 525.6 600.4
DL 525.6 604 525.6 604 DL 525.6 607.6 525.6 607.6 DL 525.6 611.2 525.6
611.2 DL 525.6 614.8 525.6 614.8 DL 525.6 618.4 525.6 618.4 DL 525.6 622
525.6 622 DL 561.6 622 561.6 622 DL 565.2 622 565.2 622 DL 568.8 622
568.8 622 DL 572.4 622 572.4 622 DL 576 622 576 622 DL 579.6 622 579.6
622 DL 583.2 622 583.2 622 DL 586.8 622 586.8 622 DL 590.4 622 590.4 622
DL 594 622 594 622 DL 597.6 622 597.6 622 DL 597.6 622 597.6 622 DL
597.6 618.4 597.6 618.4 DL 597.6 614.8 597.6 614.8 DL 597.6 611.2 597.6
611.2 DL 597.6 607.6 597.6 607.6 DL 597.6 604 597.6 604 DL 597.6 600.4
597.6 600.4 DL 597.6 596.8 597.6 596.8 DL 597.6 593.2 597.6 593.2 DL
597.6 589.6 597.6 589.6 DL 597.6 586 597.6 586 DL 597.6 586 597.6 586 DL
594 586 594 586 DL 590.4 586 590.4 586 DL 586.8 586 586.8 586 DL 583.2
586 583.2 586 DL 579.6 586 579.6 586 DL 576 586 576 586 DL 572.4 586
572.4 586 DL 568.8 586 568.8 586 DL 565.2 586 565.2 586 DL 561.6 586
561.6 586 DL 561.6 586 561.6 586 DL 561.6 589.6 561.6 589.6 DL 561.6
593.2 561.6 593.2 DL 561.6 596.8 561.6 596.8 DL 561.6 600.4 561.6 600.4
DL 561.6 604 561.6 604 DL 561.6 607.6 561.6 607.6 DL 561.6 611.2 561.6
611.2 DL 561.6 614.8 561.6 614.8 DL 561.6 618.4 561.6 618.4 DL 561.6 622
561.6 622 DL(arr)493.94 642.2 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 2)
-2.5 E F0(Figure 5-1: Diagonal arro)156.76 663 Q(ws \(dotted box)-.25 E
(es sho)-.15 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he implied 0.5-inch grid\))-2.5 E F1 2.5
(5.2. Multi-Segment)72 699 R(Line Objects)2.5 E F0 3.363<4199>97 714.6 S
.863(line\232 or \231arro)-3.363 F .864
(w\232 object may actually be a path consisting of an)-.25 F 3.364(yn)
-.15 G .864(umber of se)-3.364 F .864(gments of v)-.15 F .864
(arying lengths)-.25 F(and directions.)72 726.6 Q 1.6 -.8(To d)5 H
(escribe a path, connect se).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral line or arro).15 E
2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommands with the k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G(rd).1
E F1(then)2.5 E F0(.)A 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-7-)300.17 48 Q .4 LW 342 84 270 84 DL 270 120
342 84 DL 342 120 270 120 DL(Figure 5-2:)192.3 143 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(line right 1 then do)2.5 E(wn .5 left 1 then right 1)-.1 E F0
(If a path starts with)97 170.6 Q F1(then)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he \214rst se)-2.5 E
(gment is assumed to be into the current direction, using the def)-.15 E
(ault length.)-.1 E F1 2.5(5.3. Spline)72 194.6 R(Objects)2.5 E F0
(If you start a path with the)97 210.2 Q F1(spline)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G
(yw)-.05 E(ord, the path v)-.1 E
(ertices are treated as control points for a spline curv)-.15 E 2.5
<658c>-.15 G(t.)-2.5 E 208.8 228.2 MT 36 0 RL 24 0 24 6 0 18 RC -24 12
-24 18 0 18 RC 36 0 RL ST(The spline curv)207.8 280.8 Q(e...)-.15 E
327.6 228.2 324 228.2 DL 335.232 228.2 331.632 228.2 DL 342.792 228.2
339.192 228.2 DL 350.424 228.2 346.824 228.2 DL 357.984 228.2 354.384
228.2 DL 365.616 228.2 362.016 228.2 DL 373.176 228.2 369.576 228.2 DL
380.808 228.2 377.208 228.2 DL 388.368 228.2 384.768 228.2 DL 396 228.2
392.4 228.2 DL 392.76 229.784 396 228.2 DL 386.496 232.88 389.736
231.296 DL 380.232 236.048 383.472 234.464 DL 373.968 239.144 377.208
237.56 DL 367.776 242.312 371.016 240.728 DL 361.512 245.408 364.752
243.824 DL 355.248 248.576 358.488 246.992 DL 348.984 251.672 352.224
250.088 DL 342.72 254.768 345.96 253.184 DL 336.456 257.936 339.696
256.352 DL 330.264 261.032 333.504 259.448 DL 324 264.2 327.24 262.616
DL 327.6 264.2 324 264.2 DL 335.232 264.2 331.632 264.2 DL 342.792 264.2
339.192 264.2 DL 350.424 264.2 346.824 264.2 DL 357.984 264.2 354.384
264.2 DL 365.616 264.2 362.016 264.2 DL 373.176 264.2 369.576 264.2 DL
380.808 264.2 377.208 264.2 DL 388.368 264.2 384.768 264.2 DL 396 264.2
392.4 264.2 DL 324 228.2 MT 36 0 RL 24 0 24 6 0 18 RC -24 12 -24 18 0 18
RC 36 0 RL ST(1)314.3 230.4 Q(2)400.7 230.4 Q(3)314.3 266.4 Q(4)400.7
266.4 Q(...with tangents displayed)309.03 280.8 Q(Figure 5-3:)187.575
301.6 Q F1(spline right 1 then do)2.5 E(wn .5 left 1 then right 1)-.1 E
F0 -1.1(Yo)97 329.2 S 2.5(uc)1.1 G(an describe man)-2.5 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G
(atural-looking b)-2.5 E(ut irre)-.2 E(gular curv)-.15 E(es this w)-.15
E(ay)-.1 E 5(.F)-.65 G(or e)-5.15 E(xample:)-.15 E 174.384 378.736 MT
-1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 174.384 378.736 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL
CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST 174.384 378.736 MT 18 0 RL 12 0 18 -6 18 -18 RC 0 -12
-6 -18 -18 -18 RC -12 0 -18 5.88 -18 17.64 RC 0 17.64 RL .4 LW ST F1
(spline right then up then left then do)98.457 395.264 Q(wn ->;)-.1 E
(spline left then up right then do)313.347 395.264 Q(wn right ->;)-.1 E
437.616 378.736 MT -6.336 -3.816 RL 2.52 -2.52 RL CL 0 Fg 437.616
378.736 MT -6.336 -3.816 RL 2.52 -2.52 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST 401.616
378.736 MT -18 0 RL -12 0 -12 -6 0 -18 RC 12 -12 23.916 -12.084 35.748
-.252 RC 17.748 17.748 RL .4 LW ST F0(Figure 5-4: T)228.895 416.064 Q .2
-.1(wo m)-.8 H(ore spline e).1 E(xamples)-.15 E .209(Note the arro)72
443.664 R 2.709(wd)-.25 G 2.709(ecorations. Arro)-2.709 F .209
(wheads can be applied naturally to an)-.25 F 2.709(yp)-.15 G .209
(ath-based object, line or spline.)-2.709 F -.8(We)5.208 G -.1('l).8 G
2.708(ls).1 G(ee)-2.708 E(ho)72 455.664 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G
(he ne)-2.5 E(xt section.)-.15 E F1 2.5(6. Decorating)72 479.664 R
(Objects)2.5 E 2.5(6.1. T)72 503.664 R(ext Special Effects)-.92 E F0
(All)97 519.264 Q F1(pic)2.5 E F0(implementations support the follo)2.5
E(wing font-styling escapes within te)-.25 E(xt objects:)-.15 E
(\\fR, \\f1)72 534.864 Q(Set Roman style \(the def)10 E(ault\))-.1 E
(\\fI, \\f2)72 550.464 Q(Set Italic style)13.34 E(\\fB, \\f3)72 566.064
Q(Set Bold style)10 E 24.72(\\fP Re)72 581.664 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
(rt to pre).15 E(vious style; only w)-.25 E(orks one le)-.1 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(ld).15 G(eep, does not stack.)-2.5 E .473(In the)97 597.264 R
F1(pic)2.973 E F0 .473
(implementations that are preprocessors for a toolchain that include)
2.973 F F1([gtn]r)2.973 E(off)-.18 E F0 2.973(,t)C -.15(ex)-2.973 G
2.973(to).15 G .474(bjects may also)-2.973 F(contain)72 609.264 Q F1
([gtn]r)3.464 E(off)-.18 E F0 -.15(ve)3.464 G .963
(rtical- and horizontal-motion escapes such as \\h or \\v).15 F 5.963
(.T)-.65 G(rof)-6.313 E 3.463(fs)-.25 G .963(pecial glyphs are also a)
-3.463 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable.).25 E .241(All \\-escapes will be passed\
 through to the postprocessing stage and ha)72 621.264 R .541 -.15(ve t)
-.2 H .241(heir normal ef).15 F 2.741(fects. The)-.25 F .242
(base font f)2.741 F(amily)-.1 E(is set by the)72 633.264 Q F1([gtn]r)
2.5 E(off)-.18 E F0(en)2.5 E
(vironment at the time the picture is rendered.)-.4 E F1(pic2plot)97
648.864 Q F0(replaces)3.577 E F1([gtn]r)3.577 E(off)-.18 E F0 1.077
(horizontal- and v)3.577 F 1.077
(ertical-motion escapes with \\-escapes of its o)-.15 F 3.577(wn. T)-.25
F(rof)-.35 E 3.576(fs)-.25 G(pecial)-3.576 E .402(glyphs are not a)72
660.864 R -.25(va)-.2 G .402(ilable, b).25 F .402(ut in most back ends \
Latin-1 special characters and a square-root radical will be.)-.2 F .403
(See the)5.403 F F1(pic2plot)72 672.864 Q F0
(documentation for full details.)2.5 E F1 2.5(6.2. Dashed)72 696.864 R
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(wn set of color names, essentially those recognized by the X windo)-.25
F 2.768(ws)-.25 G(ystem)-2.768 E(with \231gre)72 237.8 Q
(y\232 accepted as a v)-.15 E(ariant of \231gray\232.)-.25 E F1(pic)97
253.4 Q F0(assumes that at the be)2.5 E
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-2.5 E(utes)-.2 E .771(What actually happens is that)97 449.2 R F2(n)
3.271 E F0(te)3.271 E .771(xt strings are centered in a box that is)-.15
F F1(textwid)3.272 E F0 .772(wide by)3.272 F F1(textht)3.272 E F0 3.272
(high. Both)3.272 F(these v)72 461.2 Q
(ariables are initially zero \(that is)-.25 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0 1.1 -.55
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E(f)-.18 E F0(\(1\)')1.96 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E(ault point size\).)
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(bjects can ha)-2.787 F .587 -.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E F1(aligned)2.787 E
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(orks if the postprocessor is)-.1 F F1(gr)2.786 E(ops)-.18 E F0(or)2.786
E F1(gr)2.786 E(opdf)-.18 E F0(.)A(An)72 488.8 Q 3.114(yt)-.15 G -.15
(ex)-3.114 G 3.114(ta).15 G .614(ssociated with an object ha)-3.114 F
.615(ving the)-.2 F F1(aligned)3.115 E F0(attrib)3.115 E .615
(ute is rotated about the center of the object so that it is)-.2 F .639
(aligned in the direction from the start point to the end point of the \
object.)72 500.8 R .639(Note that this attrib)5.639 F .639
(ute has no ef)-.2 F .639(fect for)-.25 F
(objects whose start and end points are coincident.)72 512.8 Q F1 2.5
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F0 -.8(We)97 552.4 S -1.65 -.5('v e).8 H 1.328(already seen ho)4.328 F
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(hange the direction in which objects are composed from rightw)-3.829 F
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(are some more illustrati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve ex)-.25 H(amples:).15 E 0 Cg
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CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 331.2 188.4 360 188.4 DL 306 188.4 18 DC ST 252
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CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 259.2 188.4 288 188.4 DL 54 36 225 188.4 DE ST F0
(Figure 8-1: Ef)177.8 229.4 Q(fects of dif)-.25 E
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363.8 18 DC ST 207 417.8 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 207 417.8 MT
-1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 207 410.6 207 381.8 DL 54
36 207 435.8 DE ST 432 453.8 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 405
381.8 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 405 381.8 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL
CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 405 389 405 417.8 DL 405 363.8 18 DC ST 405 309.8
MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 405 309.8 MT 1.8 7.2 RL -3.6 0 RL CL .1
LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 405 317 405 345.8 DL 54 36 405 291.8 DE ST
(up; box; arr)324.695 261.6 Q -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)-2.5 E
(cle; arr)-.18 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse;)-2.5 E F0
(Figure 8-2: Ef)177.925 476.8 Q(fects of dif)-.25 E
(ferent motion directions \(up and do)-.25 E(wn\))-.25 E(Something that\
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504.4 Q(vious w)-.15 E(ay:)-.1 E 283.5 558.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36
RL CL ST 319.5 540.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 319.5 540.4 MT
-7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 312.3 540.4 283.5 540.4 DL
337.5 540.4 18 DC ST 355.5 576.4 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL 0 Fg 355.5
576.4 MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 355.5 569.2 355.5
540.4 DL 54 36 355.5 594.4 DE ST(Figure 8-3:)197.69 635.4 Q F1(box; arr)
2.5 E -.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;c).1 G(ir)-2.5 E(cle; do)-.18 E(wn; arr)-.1 E
-.1(ow)-.18 G 2.5(;e).1 G(llipse)-2.5 E F0 -1.1(Yo)72 663 S 2.5(um)1.1 G
(ight ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H(pected that program to yield this:)
.15 E 0 Cg EP
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MT -1.8 -7.2 RL 3.6 0 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 346.5 148.8 346.5 120 DL
54 36 346.5 174 DE ST(Figure 8-4: More intuiti)251.62 215 Q -.15(ve)-.25
G(?).15 E(But, in f)72 242.6 Q(act, to get Figure 8.3 you ha)-.1 E .3
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SF(.PS)108 260.6 Q(box;)108 272.6 Q(arrow;)108 284.6 Q(circle;)108 296.6
Q(move to last circle .s;)108 308.6 Q(down;)108 320.6 Q(arrow;)108 332.6
Q(ellipse)108 344.6 Q(.PE)108 356.6 Q F0(Wh)72 378.2 Q 3.158(yi)-.05 G
3.158(st)-3.158 G 3.158(his? Because)-3.158 F .658(the e)3.158 F .658
(xit point for the current direction is already set when you dra)-.15 F
3.158(wt)-.15 G .658(he object.)-3.158 F .658(The second)5.658 F(arro)72
390.2 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G 2.5(nF)-2.5 G(igure 8.2 dropped do)-2.5 E(wnw)-.25
E(ards from the circle')-.1 E 2.5(sa)-.55 G
(ttachment point for an object to be joined to the right.)-2.5 E .919
(The meaning of the command)97 405.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(mo)3.419 E
1.119 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 3.419(ol).1 G .919(ast cir)-3.419 F .919(cle .s)
-.18 F F0 .92(should be ob)3.419 F 3.42(vious. In)-.15 F .92
(order to see ho)3.42 F 3.42(wi)-.25 G 3.42(tg)-3.42 G(eneralizes,)-3.42
E(we')72 417.8 Q(ll need to go into detail on tw)-.1 E 2.5(oi)-.1 G
(mportant topics; locations and object names.)-2.5 E F2 2.5(9. Naming)72
441.8 R(Objects)2.5 E F0 .146(The most natural w)97 457.4 R .146
(ay to name locations in)-.1 F F2(pic)2.645 E F0 .145(is relati)2.645 F
.445 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.645(oo).15 G 2.645(bjects. In)-2.645 F .145
(order to do this, you ha)2.645 F .445 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.645(ob).15 G
2.645(ea)-2.645 G .145(ble to)-2.645 F(name objects.)72 469.4 Q(The)5 E
F2(pic)2.5 E F0(language has rich f)2.5 E
(acilities for this that try to emulate the syntax of English.)-.1 E F2
2.5(9.1. Naming)72 493.4 R(Objects By Order Of Drawing)2.5 E F0 .613
(The simplest \(and generally the most useful\) w)97 509 R .614
(ay to name an object is with a)-.1 F F2(last)3.114 E F0 3.114
(clause. It)3.114 F .614(needs to be fol-)3.114 F(lo)72 521 Q .392
(wed by an object type name;)-.25 F F2(box)2.892 E F0(,)A F2(cir)2.892 E
(cle)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(ellipse)2.892 E F0(,)A F2(line)2.892 E F0(,)A F2
(arr)2.892 E -.1(ow)-.18 G F0(,).1 E F2(spline)2.892 E F0(,)A F2("")
2.892 E F0 2.892(,o)C(r)-2.892 E F2([])2.892 E F0 .392
(\(the last type refers to a)2.892 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(composite)
2.891 E(object)72 533 Q F0 1.182(which we')3.682 F 1.182
(ll discuss later\).)-.1 F 1.183(So, for e)6.183 F 1.183(xample, the)
-.15 F F2 1.183(last cir)3.683 F(cle)-.18 E F0 1.183
(clause in the program attached to Figure 9.1.3)3.683 F
(refers to the last circle dra)72 545 Q(wn.)-.15 E .616(More generally)
97 560.6 R 3.116(,o)-.65 G .616(bjects of a gi)-3.116 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.116(nt).15 G .616(ype are implicitly numbered \(starting from 1\).)
-3.116 F -1.1(Yo)5.615 G 3.115(uc)1.1 G .615(an refer to \(say\) the)
-3.115 F .85(third ellipse in the current picture with)72 572.6 R F2 .85
(3rd ellipse)3.35 F F0 3.35(,o)C 3.35(rt)-3.35 G 3.35(ot)-3.35 G .85
(he \214rst box as)-3.35 F F2 .851(1st box)3.351 F F0 3.351(,o)C 3.351
(rt)-3.351 G 3.351(ot)-3.351 G .851(he \214fth te)-3.351 F .851
(xt string \(which)-.15 F(isn')72 584.6 Q 2.5(ta)-.18 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G
(ttrib)-2.5 E(ute to another object\) as)-.2 E F2(5th "")2.5 E F0(.)A
.297(Objects are also numbered backw)97 600.2 R .297
(ards by type from the last one.)-.1 F -1.1(Yo)5.297 G 2.797(uc)1.1 G
.297(an say)-2.797 F F2 .297(2nd last box)2.797 F F0 .297
(to get the second-)2.797 F(to-last box, or)72 612.2 Q F2
(3rd last ellipse)2.5 E F0(to get the third-to-last ellipse.)2.5 E .532
(In places where)97 627.8 R F3(n)3.032 E F2(th).24 E F0 .532(is allo)
3.032 F(wed,)-.25 E F2(`)3.032 E F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2('th).73 E F0
.532(is also allo)3.032 F 3.032(wed. Note)-.25 F(that)3.033 E F2('th)
3.033 E F0 .533(is a single tok)3.033 F .533(en: no space is allo)-.1 F
(wed)-.25 E(between the)72 639.8 Q F2(')2.5 E F0(and the)2.5 E F2(th)2.5
E F0 5(.F)C(or e)-5.15 E(xample,)-.15 E F1(for i = 1 to 4 do {)133 661.4
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(9.2. Naming)72 84 R(Objects W)2.5 E(ith Labels)-.18 E F0 -1.1(Yo)97
99.6 S 2.854(uc)1.1 G .353
(an also specify an object by referring to a label.)-2.854 F 2.853(Al)
5.353 G .353(abel is a w)-2.853 F .353(ord \(which must be)-.1 F .353
(gin with a capital let-)-.15 F .04(ter\) follo)72 111.6 R .04(wed by a\
 colon; you declare it by placing it immediately before the object dra)
-.25 F .04(wing command.)-.15 F -.15(Fo)5.04 G 2.54(re).15 G(xample,)
-2.69 E(the program)72 123.6 Q/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 141.6 Q
(A: box "first" "object")108 153.6 Q(move;)108 165.6 Q
(B: ellipse "second" "object")108 177.6 Q(move;)108 189.6 Q
(arrow right at A .r;)108 201.6 Q(.PE)108 213.6 Q F0(declares labels)72
235.2 Q F1(A)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(B)2.5 E F0
(for its \214rst and second objects.)2.5 E(Here')5 E 2.5(sw)-.55 G
(hat that looks lik)-2.5 E(e:)-.1 E 270 289.2 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36
RL CL .4 LW ST(\214rst)235.22 267.4 Q(object)230.78 279.4 Q 54 36 333
271.2 DE ST(second)319.115 267.4 Q(object)320.78 279.4 Q 306 271.2 MT
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LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 298.8 271.2 270 271.2 DL
(Figure 9-1: Example of label use)240.315 312.2 Q(The)72 336.2 Q F1(at)
3.159 E F0 .658(statement in the fourth line uses the label)3.159 F F1
(A)3.158 E F0 .658(\(the beha)3.158 F .658(vior of)-.2 F F1(at)3.158 E
F0 .658(is e)3.158 F .658(xplained in the ne)-.15 F .658(xt section\).)
-.15 F -.8(We)5.658 G -.1('l).8 G 3.158(ls).1 G(ee)-3.158 E(later on th\
at labels are most useful for referring to block composite objects.)72
348.2 Q .702(Labels are not constants b)97 363.8 R .703(ut v)-.2 F .703
(ariables \(you can vie)-.25 F 3.203(wc)-.25 G .703
(olon as a sort of assignment\).)-3.203 F -1.1(Yo)5.703 G 3.203(uc)1.1 G
.703(an say something)-3.203 F(lik)72 375.8 Q(e)-.1 E F1 1.042
(A: A + \(1,0\);)3.542 F F0 1.042(and the ef)3.542 F 1.042
(fect is to reassign the label)-.25 F F1(A)3.542 E F0 1.041
(to designate a position one inch to the right of its old)3.542 F -.25
(va)72 387.8 S(lue.).25 E F1 2.5(10. Describing)72 411.8 R(locations)2.5
E F0 .324(The location of points can be described in man)97 427.4 R
2.824(yd)-.15 G(if)-2.824 E .324(ferent w)-.25 F 2.824(ays. All)-.1 F
.324(these forms are interchangeable as for as)2.824 F(the)72 439.4 Q F1
(pic)2.826 E F0 .326
(language syntax is concerned; where you can use one, an)2.826 F 2.825
(yo)-.15 G 2.825(ft)-2.825 G .325(he others that w)-2.825 F .325
(ould mak)-.1 F 2.825(es)-.1 G .325(emantic sense are)-2.825 F(allo)72
451.4 Q(wed.)-.25 E(The special label)97 467 Q F1(Her)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F0
(al)2.5 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys refers to the current position.).1 E F1 2.5
(10.1. Absolute)72 491 R(Coordinates)2.5 E F0 .507
(The simplest is absolute coordinates in inches;)97 506.6 R F1(pic)3.008
E F0 .508(uses a Cartesian system with \(0,0\) at the lo)3.008 F .508
(wer left corner)-.25 F .827(of the virtual dra)72 518.6 R .827
(wing surf)-.15 F .826(ace for each picture \(that is, X increases to t\
he right and Y increases upw)-.1 F 3.326(ards\). An)-.1 F(ab-)3.326 E
1.206(solute location may al)72 530.6 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.206
(ys be written in the con).1 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.206(ntional form as tw)
.15 F 3.706(oc)-.1 G 1.206(omma-separated numbers surrounded by)-3.706 F
.043(parentheses \(and this is recommended for clarity\).)72 542.6 R
.043(In conte)5.043 F .042(xts where it creates no ambiguity)-.15 F
2.542(,t)-.65 G .042(he pair of X and Y co-)-2.542 F(ordinates suf)72
554.6 Q(\214ces without parentheses.)-.25 E .858(It is a good idea to a)
97 570.2 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .859(id absolute coordinates, ho).2 F(we)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G 4.459 -.55(r. T).15 H(he).55 E 3.359(yt)-.15 G .859
(end to mak)-3.359 F 3.359(ep)-.1 G .859(icture descriptions dif)-3.359
F .859(\214cult to)-.25 F 1.023(understand and modify)72 582.2 R 6.023
(.I)-.65 G 1.022(nstead, there are quite a number of w)-6.023 F 1.022
(ays to specify locations relati)-.1 F 1.322 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(o).15 E F1
(pic)3.522 E F0 1.022(objects and)3.522 F(pre)72 594.2 Q
(vious locations.)-.25 E .02(Another possibility of surprise is the f)97
609.8 R .02(act that)-.1 F F1(pic)2.52 E F0 .02
(crops the picture to the smallest bounding box before writing)2.52 F
.837(it out.)72 621.8 R -.15(Fo)5.837 G 3.337(re).15 G .837
(xample, if you ha)-3.487 F 1.137 -.15(ve a p)-.2 H .837
(icture consisting of a small box with its lo).15 F .836
(wer left corner at \(2,2\) and another)-.25 F .6(small box with its up\
per right corner at \(5,5\), the width and height of the image are both\
 3 units and not 5.)72 633.8 R 2.2 -.8(To g)5.6 H(et).8 E
(the origin at \(0,0\) included, simply add an in)72 645.8 Q
(visible object to the picture, positioning the object')-.4 E 2.5(sl)
-.55 G(eft corner at \(0,0\).)-2.5 E F1 2.5(10.2. Locations)72 669.8 R
(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oO).1 G(bjects)-2.5 E F0(The symbol)
97 685.4 Q F1(Her)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F0(al)2.5 E -.1(wa)-.1 G
(ys refers to the position of the last object dra).1 E
(wn or the destination of the last)-.15 E F1(mo)2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G F0(.)
.1 E .567(Alone and unquali\214ed, a)97 701 R F1 .567(last cir)3.067 F
(cle)-.18 E F0 .567(or an)3.067 F 3.067(yo)-.15 G .567(ther w)-3.067 F
.567(ay of specifying a closed-object or arc location refers as a)-.1 F
.417(position to the geometric center of the object.)72 713 R .417(Unqu\
ali\214ed, the name of a line or spline object refers to the position)
5.417 F(of the object start.)72 725 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-14-)297.67 48 Q(Also,)97 84 Q/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(pic)3.375 E F0 .875(objects ha)3.375 F 1.175 -.15(ve q)
-.2 H .875(uite a fe).15 F 3.375(wn)-.25 G .874
(amed locations associated with them.)-3.375 F .874
(One of these is the object center)5.874 F(,)-.4 E .871
(which can be indicated \(redundantly\) with the suf)72 96 R<8c78>-.25 E
F1(.center)3.372 E F0 .872(\(or just)3.372 F F1(.c)3.372 E F0 3.372
(\). Thus,)B F1 .872(last cir)3.372 F .872(cle .center)-.18 F F0 .872
(is equi)3.372 F -.25(va)-.25 G .872(lent to).25 F F1(last cir)72 108 Q
(cle)-.18 E F0(.)A F1 2.5(10.2.1. Locations)72 132 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1
(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oC).1 G(losed Objects)-2.5 E F0(Ev)97 147.6 Q(ery close\
d object \(box, circle, ellipse, or block composite\) also has eight co\
mpass points associated with it;)-.15 E 231.12 239.04 MT 0 -72 RL -108 0
RL 0 72 RL CL .4 LW ST 177.12 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 177.12 203.04 1.44
DC 0 Cg ST F1(.c)179.62 205.24 Q 177.12 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 177.12
167.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.n)173.09 163.24 Q 231.12 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
231.12 167.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.ne)226.12 163.24 Q 231.12 203.04 1.44 DC
0.5 Fg 231.12 203.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.e)233.62 205.24 Q 231.12 239.04
1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 231.12 239.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.se)226.955 247.24 Q 177.12
239.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 177.12 239.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.s)173.925 247.24 Q
123.12 239.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 123.12 239.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.sw)115.065
247.24 Q 123.12 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 123.12 203.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.w)
110.9 205.24 Q 123.12 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 123.12 167.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg
ST(.nw)114.23 163.24 Q 306 203.04 36 DC ST 306 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 306
203.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.c)308.5 205.24 Q 306 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 306
167.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.n)301.97 163.24 Q 331.488 177.552 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
331.488 177.552 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.ne)326.488 173.752 Q 342 203.04 1.44 DC
0.5 Fg 342 203.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.e)344.5 205.24 Q 331.488 228.528 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 331.488 228.528 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.se)327.323 236.728 Q 306
239.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 306 239.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.s)302.805 247.24 Q
280.512 228.528 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 280.512 228.528 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.sw)
272.457 236.728 Q 270 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 270 203.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST
(.w)257.78 205.24 Q 280.512 177.552 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 280.512 177.552 1.44
DC 0 Cg ST(.nw)271.622 173.752 Q 108 72 434.88 203.04 DE ST 434.88
203.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 434.88 203.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.c)437.38 205.24 Q
434.88 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 434.88 167.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.n)430.85
163.24 Q 473.04 177.552 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 473.04 177.552 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST
(.ne)468.04 173.752 Q 488.88 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 488.88 203.04 1.44 DC
0 Cg ST(.e)491.38 205.24 Q 473.04 228.528 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 473.04 228.528
1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.se)468.875 236.728 Q 434.88 239.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
434.88 239.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.s)431.685 247.24 Q 396.72 228.528 1.44 DC
0.5 Fg 396.72 228.528 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.sw)388.665 236.728 Q 380.88
203.04 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 380.88 203.04 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.w)368.66 205.24 Q
396.72 177.552 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 396.72 177.552 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.nw)387.83
173.752 Q F0(Figure 10-1: Compass points)248.08 263.48 Q .394(these are\
 the locations where eight compass rays from the geometric center w)72
291.08 R .394(ould intersect the \214gure.)-.1 F .393(So when we)5.394 F
(say)72 303.08 Q F1 1.081(last cir)3.581 F 1.081(cle .s)-.18 F F0 1.081
(we are referring to the south compass point of the last circle dra)
3.581 F 3.582(wn. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)3.582 G 1.082(planation of Figure)
.15 F(8-3')72 315.08 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G(rogram is no)-2.5 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G
(omplete.)-2.5 E .496(\(In case you dislik)97 330.68 R 2.996(ec)-.1 G
.496(ompass points, the names)-2.996 F F1(.top)2.996 E F0(,)A F1
(.bottom)2.996 E F0(,)A F1(.left)2.996 E F0(and)2.996 E F1(.right)2.996
E F0 .496(are synon)2.996 F .496(yms for)-.15 F F1(.n)2.995 E F0(,)A F1
(.s)2.995 E F0(,)A F1(.e)2.995 E F0 2.995(,a)C(nd)-2.995 E F1(.w)72
342.68 Q F0(respecti)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly; the).15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(an e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nb).15 G 2.5(ea)-2.5 G(bbre)-2.5 E
(viated to)-.25 E F1(.t)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(.b)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(.l)2.5 E F0
(and)2.5 E F1(.r)2.5 E F0(\).)A .016(The names)97 358.28 R F1(center)
2.516 E F0(,)A F1(top)2.516 E F0(,)A F1(bottom)2.516 E F0(,)A F1(left)
2.516 E F0(,)A F1(right)2.516 E F0(,)A F1(north)2.517 E F0(,)A F1(south)
2.517 E F0(,)A F1(east)2.517 E F0 2.517(,a)C(nd)-2.517 E F1(west)2.517 E
F0 .017(can also be used \(without the leading)2.517 F .239
(dot\) in a pre\214x form mark)72 370.28 R .239(ed by)-.1 F F1(of)2.738
E F0 2.738(;t)C(hus,)-2.738 E F1 .238(center of last cir)2.738 F(cle)
-.18 E F0(and)2.738 E F1 .238(top of 2nd last ellipse)2.738 F F0 .238
(are both v)2.738 F .238(alid object refer)-.25 F(-)-.2 E 2.969
(ences. Finally)72 382.28 R 2.969(,t)-.65 G .469(he names)-2.969 F F1
(left)2.969 E F0(and)2.969 E F1(right)2.969 E F0 .469(can be pre\214x)
2.969 F .469(ed with)-.15 F F1(upper)2.97 E F0(and)2.97 E F1(lo)2.97 E
(wer)-.1 E F0 .47(which both ha)2.97 F .77 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .47(he ob).15
F .47(vious mean-)-.15 F(ing.)72 394.28 Q(Arc objects also ha)97 409.88
Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.2 H(ompass points; the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
(re the compass points of the implied circle.)-2.5 E .543
(Non-closed objects \(line, arro)97 425.48 R 1.843 -.65(w, o)-.25 H
3.043(rs).65 G .543(pline\) ha)-3.043 F .843 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .542
(ompass points too, b).15 F .542
(ut the locations of them are completely)-.2 F(arbitrary)72 437.48 Q 5
(.I)-.65 G 2.5(np)-5 G(articular)-2.5 E 2.5(,d)-.4 G(if)-2.5 E(ferent)
-.25 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0(implementations return dif)2.5 E
(ferent locations.)-.25 E F1 2.5(10.2.2. Locations)72 461.48 R(Relati)
2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oO).1 G(pen Objects)-2.5 E F0(Ev)97 477.08 Q
.594(ery open object \(line, arro)-.15 F 1.894 -.65(w, a)-.25 H .594
(rc, or spline\) has three named points:).65 F F1(.start)3.095 E F0(,)A
F1(.center)3.095 E F0(\(or)3.095 E F1(.c)3.095 E F0 .595(\), and)B F1
(.end)3.095 E F0 5.595(.T)C(he)-5.595 E(y)-.15 E .705
(can also be used without leading dots in the)72 489.08 R F1(of)3.204 E
F0 .704(pre\214x form.)3.204 F .704
(The center of an arc is the center of its circle, b)5.704 F .704
(ut the)-.2 F(center of a line, path, or spline is halfw)72 501.08 Q
(ay between its endpoints.)-.1 E 255.78 526.28 183.78 562.28 DL 219.78
544.28 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 219.78 544.28 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST F1(.center)183.43
539.28 Q 183.78 562.28 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 183.78 562.28 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST
(.start)154.09 557.28 Q 255.78 526.28 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 255.78 526.28 1.44
DC 0 Cg ST(.end)230.52 521.28 Q 336.42 562.28 36 -0 -90 DA 336.42 562.28
1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 336.42 562.28 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.center)300.07 557.28 Q
336.42 526.28 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 336.42 526.28 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.start)306.73
521.28 Q 372.42 562.28 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 372.42 562.28 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST
(.end)347.16 557.28 Q 255.78 606.92 183.78 606.92 DL 183.78 642.92
255.78 606.92 DL 255.78 642.92 183.78 642.92 DL 219.78 624.92 1.44 DC
0.5 Fg 219.78 624.92 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.center)183.43 619.92 Q 183.78
606.92 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 183.78 606.92 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.start)154.09 601.92
Q 255.78 642.92 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 255.78 642.92 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.end)230.52
637.92 Q 336.42 642.92 MT 36 0 RL 24 0 42 -6 54 -18 RC 12 -12 12 -18 0
-18 RC -12 0 -30 0 -54 0 RC -36 0 RL ST 336.42 624.92 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg
336.42 624.92 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.center)300.07 619.92 Q 336.42 642.92 1.44
DC 0.5 Fg 336.42 642.92 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.start)306.73 637.92 Q 336.42
606.92 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 336.42 606.92 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(.end)311.16 601.92 Q
F0(Figure 10-2: Special points on open objects)219.06 667.36 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-15-)297.67 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(10.3. W)72 84 R(ays of Composing P)-.65 E(ositions)-.2 E F0
(Once you ha)97 99.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .2 -.1(wo p).15 H
(ositions to w).1 E(ork with, there are se)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral w)
.15 E(ays to combine them to specify ne)-.1 E 2.5(wp)-.25 G(ositions.)
-2.5 E F1 2.5(10.3.1. V)72 123.6 R(ector Sums and Displacements)-1 E F0
.29(Positions may be added or subtracted to yield a ne)97 139.2 R 2.79
(wp)-.25 G .29
(osition \(to be more precise, you can only add a position)-2.79 F .171
(and an e)72 151.2 R .171(xpression pair; the latter must be on the rig\
ht side of the addition or subtraction sign\).)-.15 F .171
(The result is the con-)5.171 F -.15(ve)72 163.2 S .375(ntional v).15 F
.375(ector sum or dif)-.15 F .375(ference of coordinates.)-.25 F -.15
(Fo)5.375 G 2.875(re).15 G(xample,)-3.025 E F1 .375
(last box .ne + \(0.1, 0\))2.875 F F0 .375(is a v)2.875 F .375
(alid position.)-.25 F .375(This e)5.375 F(x-)-.15 E
(ample illustrates a common use, to de\214ne a position slightly of)72
175.2 Q(fset from a named one \(say)-.25 E 2.5(,f)-.65 G
(or captioning purposes\).)-2.5 E F1 2.5(10.3.2. Inter)72 199.2 R
(polation Between P)-.1 E(ositions)-.2 E F0 2.85(Ap)97 214.8 S .35
(osition may be interpolated between an)-2.85 F 2.85(yt)-.15 G .549 -.1
(wo p)-2.85 H 2.849(ositions. The).1 F .349(syntax is `)2.849 F/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(fr)A(action)-.15 E F1 .349(of the way between)2.849 F
F2(posi-)2.849 E(tion1)72 226.8 Q F1(and)3.372 E F2(position2)3.372 E F0
3.372('. F)B .872(or e)-.15 F .872(xample, you can say)-.15 F F1 .872
(1/3 of the way between Her)3.372 F 3.372(ea)-.18 G .872
(nd last ellipse .ne)-3.372 F F0 5.873(.T)C .873(he fraction)-5.873 F
.323
(may be in numerator/denominator form or may be an ordinary number \(v)
72 238.8 R .323(alues are)-.25 F F2(not)2.822 E F0 .322
(restricted to [0,1]\).)2.822 F .322(As an al-)5.322 F(ternati)72 250.8
Q .382 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.582(ot).15 G .082(his v)-2.582 F .083
(erbose syntax, you can say `)-.15 F F2(fr)A(action)-.15 E F1(<)2.583 E
F2(position1)1.25 E F1(,)2.583 E F2(position2)2.583 E F1(>).02 E F0 .083
('; thus, the e)B .083(xample could also be writ-)-.15 F(ten as)72 262.8
Q F1(1/3 <Her)2.5 E(e, last ellipse>)-.18 E F0(.)A 324 280.8 MT -3.816
6.336 RL -2.52 -2.52 RL CL 0 Fg 324 280.8 MT -3.816 6.336 RL -2.52 -2.52
RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 318.888 285.912 288 316.8 DL 300.024 304.776
1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 300.024 304.776 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(P)305.884 306.976 Q
(Figure 10-3:)147.69 339.8 Q F1(P: 1/3 of the way between last arr)2.5 E
.2 -.1(ow .)-.18 H(start and last arr).1 E .2 -.1(ow .)-.18 H(end).1 E
F0(This f)97 367.4 Q(acility can be used, for e)-.1 E(xample, to dra)
-.15 E 2.5(wd)-.15 G(ouble connections.)-2.5 E 288 421.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54
0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(yin)254.61 405.6 Q 378 421.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0
36 RL CL ST(yang)341.28 405.6 Q 324 398.936 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL
0 Fg 324 398.936 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 316.8
398.936 288 398.936 DL 288 407.864 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 288
407.864 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 295.2 407.864 324
407.864 DL(Figure 10-4: Doubled arro)247.94 444.4 Q(ws)-.25 E -1.1(Yo)72
472 S 2.5(uc)1.1 G(an get Figure 10-4 from the follo)-2.5 E
(wing program:)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 490 Q
(A: box "yin"; move;)108 502 Q(B: box "yang";)108 514 Q
(arrow right at 1/4 <A.e,A.ne>;)108 526 Q(arrow left)108 538 Q
(at 1/4 <B.w,B.sw>;)12 E(.PE)108 550 Q F0
(Note the use of the short form for interpolating points.)72 571.6 Q F1
2.5(10.3.3. Pr)72 595.6 R(ojections of P)-.18 E(oints)-.2 E F0(Gi)97
611.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.685(nt).15 G .385 -.1(wo p)-2.685 H(ositions).1
E F2(p)2.685 E F0(and)2.685 E F2(q)2.685 E F0 2.685(,t)C .185
(he position)-2.685 F F1(\()2.685 E F2(p)1.25 E F1(,)A F2(q)2.685 E F1
(\))A F0 .185(has the X coordinate of)2.685 F F2(p)2.685 E F0 .185
(and the Y coordinate of)2.685 F F2(q)2.684 E F0 5.184(.T)C .184
(his can)-5.184 F(be helpful in placing an object at one of the corners\
 of the virtual box de\214ned by tw)72 623.2 Q 2.5(oo)-.1 G
(ther objects.)-2.5 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-16-)297.67 48 Q 378 91.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 378
91.2 1.44 DC .4 LW 0 Cg ST/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\(B,A\))385.2 86.2 Q F0
(is here)2.5 E 378 163.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 378 163.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(B)
385.2 172.6 Q 234 163.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 234 163.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST F1
(\(A,B\))174.87 172.6 Q F0(is here)2.5 E 234 91.2 1.44 DC 0.5 Fg 234
91.2 1.44 DC 0 Cg ST(A)226.8 86.2 Q(Figure 10-5: Using \()230.45 193.4 Q
/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F0(,)A F2(y)2.5 E F0 2.5(\)c)C(omposition)
-2.5 E F1 2.5(10.4. Using)72 229.4 R(Locations)2.5 E F0 .89
(There are four w)97 245 R .89(ays to use locations;)-.1 F F1(at)3.39 E
F0(,)A F1(fr)3.39 E(om)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(to)3.39 E F0 3.39(,a)C(nd)-3.39
E F1(with)3.39 E F0 5.89(.A)C .89
(ll four are object modi\214ers; that is, you use)-5.89 F(them as suf)72
257 Q<8c78>-.25 E(es to a dra)-.15 E(wing command.)-.15 E(The)97 272.6 Q
F1(at)3.837 E F0 1.337(modi\214er says to dra)3.837 F 3.837(wac)-.15 G
1.337(losed object or arc with its center at the follo)-3.837 F 1.336
(wing location, or to dra)-.25 F 3.836(wa)-.15 G(line/spline/arro)72
284.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(tarting at the follo)-2.5 E(wing location.)-.25 E
(The)97 300.2 Q F1(to)2.817 E F0 .317
(modi\214er can be used alone to specify a mo)2.817 F .617 -.15(ve d)
-.15 H 2.817(estination. The).15 F F1(fr)2.817 E(om)-.18 E F0 .317
(modi\214er can be used alone in the)2.817 F(same w)72 312.2 Q(ay as)-.1
E F1(at)2.5 E F0(.)A(The)97 327.8 Q F1(fr)2.909 E(om)-.18 E F0(and)2.909
E F1(to)2.909 E F0 .409(modi\214ers can be used with a)2.909 F F1(line)
2.909 E F0(or)2.909 E F1(ar)2.909 E(c)-.18 E F0 .408
(command to specify start and end points of the ob-)2.909 F 2.97
(ject. In)72 339.8 R .47(conjunction with named locations, this of)2.97
F .471(fers a v)-.25 F .471(ery \215e)-.15 F .471
(xible mechanism for connecting objects.)-.15 F -.15(Fo)5.471 G 2.971
(re).15 G(xam-)-3.121 E(ple, the follo)72 351.8 Q(wing program)-.25 E/F3
10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 369.8 Q(box "from")108 381.8 Q(move 0.75;)108
393.8 Q(ellipse "to")108 405.8 Q(arc cw from 1/3 of the way \\)108 417.8
Q(between last box .n and last box .ne to last ellipse .n;)132 429.8 Q
(.PE)108 441.8 Q F0(yields:)72 463.4 Q 279 566.936 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL
0 36 RL CL ST(from)242.28 551.136 Q 54 36 360 548.936 DE ST(to)356.11
551.136 Q 310.464 530.936 49.536 -0 180 DA(Figure 10-6: A trick)171.135
589.936 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G(onnection speci\214ed with English-lik)-2.5 E
2.5(es)-.1 G(yntax)-2.5 E(The)97 617.536 Q F1(with)3.039 E F0 .539
(modi\214er allo)3.039 F .538(ws you to identify a named attachment poi\
nt of an object \(or a position within the ob-)-.25 F .225
(ject\) with another point.)72 629.536 R .225(This is v)5.225 F .225
(ery useful for connecting objects in a natural w)-.15 F(ay)-.1 E 5.226
(.F)-.65 G .226(or an e)-5.376 F .226(xample, consider these)-.15 F(tw)
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(Decimal-point)5.379 E(notation is acceptable; in GNU)72 662 Q F1(gpic)
2.5 E F0 2.5(,s)C(cienti\214c notation in C')-2.5 E 2.5(s`)-.55 G
(e' format \(lik)-2.5 E(e)-.1 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(5e-2)2.5 E F0 2.5
(\)i)C 2.5(sa)-2.5 G(ccepted.)-2.5 E(An)97 677.6 Q .078
(ywhere a number is e)-.15 F .078
(xpected, the language also accepts a v)-.15 F 2.578(ariable. V)-.25 F
.078(ariables may be the b)-1.11 F .079(uilt-in style v)-.2 F(ari-)-.25
E(able described in the last section, or ne)72 689.6 Q 2.5(wv)-.25 G
(ariables created by assignment.)-2.75 E -.3(DW)97 705.2 S(B).3 E F1
(pic)2.624 E F0 .124(supports only the ordinary assignment via)2.624 F
F1(=)2.624 E F0 2.624(,w)C .124(hich de\214nes the v)-2.624 F .123
(ariable \(on the left side of the equal)-.25 F .443(sign\) in the curr\
ent block if it is not already de\214ned there, and then changes the v)
72 717.2 R .444(alue \(on the right side\) in the cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E
.332(rent block.)72 729.2 R .332(The v)5.332 F .332
(ariable is not visible outside of the block.)-.25 F .331
(This is similar to the C programming language where a)5.331 F 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-21-)297.67 48 Q -.25(va)72 84 S
(riable within a block shado).25 E(ws a v)-.25 E
(ariable with the same name outside of the block.)-.25 E(GNU)97 99.6 Q
/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(gpic)3.111 E F0 .612
(supports an alternate form of assignment using)3.111 F F1(:=)3.112 E F0
5.612(.T)C .612(he v)-5.612 F .612
(ariable must already be de\214ned, and the)-.25 F -.25(va)72 111.6 S
(lue is assigned to that v).25 E(ariable without creating a v)-.25 E
(ariable local to the current block.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G
(xample, this)-2.65 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(x=5)108 129.6 Q(y=5)108 141.6 Q
([)108 153.6 Q(x:=3)120 165.6 Q(y=3)120 177.6 Q(])108 189.6 Q
(print x " " y)108 201.6 Q F0(prints)72 223.2 Q F1 2.5(35)2.5 G F0(.)
-2.5 E -1.1(Yo)97 238.8 S 2.952(uc)1.1 G .452
(an use the height, width, radius, and x and y coordinates of an)-2.952
F 2.951(yo)-.15 G .451(bject or corner in e)-2.951 F 2.951
(xpressions. If)-.15 F F1(A)2.951 E F0(is)2.951 E
(an object label or name, all the follo)72 250.8 Q(wing are v)-.25 E
(alid:)-.25 E F2 102(A.x #)108 268.8 R 6(xc)6 G
(oordinate of the center of A)-6 E 84(A.ne.y #)108 280.8 R 6(yc)6 G
(oordinate of the northeast corner of A)-6 E 90(A.wid #)108 292.8 R
(the width of A)6 E 96(A.ht #)108 304.8 R(and its height)6 E
(2nd last circle.rad)108 316.8 Q 6(#t)12 G
(he radius of the 2nd last circle)-6 E F0(Note the second e)72 338.4 Q
(xpression, sho)-.15 E(wing ho)-.25 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5(oe)-2.5 G
(xtract a corner coordinate.)-2.65 E .74
(Basic arithmetic resembling those of C operators are a)97 354 R -.25
(va)-.2 G(ilable;).25 E F1(+)3.24 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.241 E F0(,)A F1(-)
3.241 E F0(,)A F1(/)3.241 E F0 3.241(,a)C(nd)-3.241 E F1(%)3.241 E F0
5.741(.S)C 3.241(oi)-5.741 G(s)-3.241 E F1(^)3.241 E F0 .741(for e)3.241
F(xponentiation.)-.15 E .586(Grouping is permitted in the usual w)72 366
R .586(ay using parentheses.)-.1 F(GNU)5.586 E F1(gpic)3.086 E F0(allo)
3.086 E .586(ws logical operators to appear in e)-.25 F(xpres-)-.15 E
(sions;)72 378 Q F1(!)2.5 E F0(\(logical ne)2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G
(tion, not f).05 E(actorial\),)-.1 E F1(&&)2.5 E F0(,)A F1 1.666(||)2.5
G F0(,)-1.666 E F1(==)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(!=)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(>=)2.5 E F0(,)A
F1(<=)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(<)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A -1.11(Va)97 393.6
S .206(rious b)1.11 F .206(uilt-in functions are supported:)-.2 F F1
(sin\()2.707 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(cos\()2.707
E F3(x)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(log\()2.707 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(exp\()
2.707 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(sqrt\()2.707 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1
(max\()2.707 E F3(x)A F1(,)A F3(y)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(atan2\()2.707 E F3
(x)A F1(,)A F3(y)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(min\()2.707 E F3(x)A F1(,)A F3(y)A
F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(int\()72 405.6 Q F3(x)A F1(\))A F0(,)A F1(rand\(\))
3.728 E F0 3.728(,a)C(nd)-3.728 E F1(srand\(\))3.728 E F0 6.228(.B)C
(oth)-6.228 E F1(exp)3.728 E F0(and)3.728 E F1(log)3.728 E F0 1.228
(are base 10;)3.728 F F1(int)3.728 E F0 1.228(does inte)3.728 F 1.228
(ger truncation;)-.15 F F1(rand\(\))3.727 E F0 1.227(returns a random)
3.727 F .381(number in [0-1\), and)72 417.6 R F1(srand\(\))2.881 E F0
.381(sets the seed for a ne)2.881 F 2.881(ws)-.25 G .381
(equence of pseudo-random numbers to be returned by)-2.881 F F1
(rand\(\))2.882 E F0(\()72 429.6 Q F1(srand\(\))A F0(is a GNU e)2.5 E
(xtension\).)-.15 E(GNU)97 445.2 Q F1(gpic)2.879 E F0 .378
(also documents a one-ar)2.879 F .378(gument form or rand,)-.18 F F1
(rand\()2.878 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F0 2.878(,w)C .378
(hich returns a random number between 1)-2.878 F(and)72 457.2 Q F3(x)2.5
E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut this is deprecated and may be remo)-2.7 E -.15(ve)-.15
G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(naf)-2.5 G(uture v)-2.5 E(ersion.)-.15 E 1.002
(The function)97 472.8 R F1(sprintf\(\))3.502 E F0(beha)3.502 E -.15(ve)
-.2 G 3.502(sl).15 G(ik)-3.502 E 3.503(eaC)-.1 G F3(sprintf)A F0 1.003
(\(3\) function that only tak)1.96 F 1.003
(es %%, %e, %E, %f, %g, and %G)-.1 F(con)72 484.8 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G
(rsion speci\214cations.).15 E F1 2.5(14. Macr)72 508.8 R(os)-.18 E F0
-1.1(Yo)97 524.4 S 2.547(uc)1.1 G .047(an de\214ne macros in)-2.547 F F1
(pic)2.547 E F0 2.547(,w)C .047(ith up to 32 ar)-2.547 F .047
(guments \(up to 16 on EBCDIC platforms\).)-.18 F .046
(This is useful for di-)5.046 F .722(agrams with repetiti)72 536.4 R
1.023 -.15(ve p)-.25 H 3.223(arts. In).15 F .723
(conjunction with the scope rules for block composites, it ef)3.223 F
(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .723(ly gi).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.223(sy)
.15 G .723(ou the)-3.223 F(ability to write functions.)72 548.4 Q
(The syntax is)97 564 Q F1(de\214ne)108 582 Q F3(name)6 E F1({)6 E F3
-.37(re)6 G(placement te).37 E(xt)-.2 E F1(})2.5 E F0 .413
(This de\214nes)72 600 R F3(name)2.913 E F0 .413
(as a macro to be replaced by the replacement te)2.913 F .413
(xt \(not including the braces\).)-.15 F .413(The macro may be)5.413 F
(called as)72 612 Q F3(name)108 630 Q F1(\()A F3(ar)A(g1, ar)-.37 E
1.666(g2, .)-.37 F -3.332 1.666(.. a)1.666 H -.37(rg)-1.666 G(n).37 E F1
(\))A F0(The ar)72 648 Q(guments \(if an)-.18 E
(y\) are substituted for tok)-.15 E(ens)-.1 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)
2.5 E F0 1.666(...)2.5 G F1($n).834 E F0
(appearing in the replacement te)2.5 E(xt.)-.15 E(As an e)97 663.6 Q
(xample of macro use, consider this:)-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-22-)297.67 48 Q/F1 9/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 83 Q
5.4(#P)108 94 S(lot a single jumper in a box, $1 is the on-off state.)
-5.4 E(define jumper { [)108 105 Q(shrinkfactor = 0.8;)129.6 116 Q
(Outer: box invis wid 0.45 ht 1;)129.6 127 Q 5.4(#C)129.6 149 S
(ount on end ] to reset these)-5.4 E
(boxwid = Outer.wid * shrinkfactor / 2;)129.6 160 Q 5.4(boxht =)129.6
171 R 5.4(Outer.ht *)5.4 F(shrinkfactor / 2;)5.4 E
(box fill \(!$1\) with .s at center of Outer;)129.6 193 Q
(box fill \($1\))129.6 204 Q(with .n at center of Outer;)10.8 E 5.4(]})
108 215 S 5.4(#P)108 237 S(lot a block of six jumpers.)-5.4 E
(define jumperblock {)108 248 Q(jumper\($1\);)129.6 259 Q(jumper\($2\);)
129.6 270 Q(jumper\($3\);)129.6 281 Q(jumper\($4\);)129.6 292 Q
(jumper\($5\);)129.6 303 Q(jumper\($6\);)129.6 314 Q 5.4(jwidth =)129.6
336 R(last [].Outer.wid;)5.4 E(jheight = last [].Outer.ht;)129.6 347 Q
(box with .nw at 6th last [].nw wid 6*jwidth ht jheight;)129.6 369 Q 5.4
(#U)129.6 391 S(se {} to avoid changing position from last box draw.)
-5.4 E 5.4(#T)129.6 402 S
(his is necessary so move in any direction works as expected)-5.4 E
({"Jumpers in state $1$2$3$4$5$6" at last box .s + \(0,-0.2\);})129.6
413 Q(})108 424 Q 5.4(#S)108 446 S(ample macro invocations.)-5.4 E
(jumperblock\(1,1,0,0,1,0\);)108 457 Q(move;)108 468 Q
(jumperblock\(1,0,1,0,1,1\);)108 479 Q(.PE)108 490 Q F0
(It yields the follo)72 511.6 Q(wing:)-.25 E 125.28 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 125.28 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL .4 LW 0 Cg ST 125.28 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8
RL CL 0 Fg 125.28 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST
157.68 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 157.68 565.6 MT
0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 157.68 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 157.68 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 190.08 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Fg 190.08 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 190.08
594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 190.08 594.4 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 222.48 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 222.48 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 222.48 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1
Fg 222.48 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 254.88
565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 254.88 565.6 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 254.88 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 254.88 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 287.28 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Fg 287.28 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 287.28
594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 287.28 594.4 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 297 601.6 MT 0 -72 RL -194.4 0
RL 0 72 RL CL ST(Jumpers in state 110010)151.33 618.2 Q 337.68 565.6 MT
0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 337.68 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 337.68 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL
0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 337.68 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0
Cg ST 370.08 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 370.08
565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 370.08 594.4 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 370.08 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96
0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 402.48 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8
RL CL 1 Fg 402.48 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST
402.48 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 402.48 594.4 MT
0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 434.88 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 434.88 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 434.88 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1
Fg 434.88 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 467.28
565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1 Fg 467.28 565.6 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 467.28 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 467.28 594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 499.68 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1
Fg 499.68 565.6 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 499.68
594.4 MT 0 -28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Fg 499.68 594.4 MT 0
-28.8 RL -12.96 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0 Cg ST 509.4 601.6 MT 0 -72 RL -194.4
0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST(Jumpers in state 101011)363.73 618.2 Q
(Figure 14-1: Sample use of a macro)234.345 639 Q .236(This macro e)72
666.6 R .236(xample illustrates ho)-.15 F 2.736(wy)-.25 G .236
(ou can combine [], brace grouping, and v)-2.736 F .237
(ariable assignment to write true func-)-.25 F(tions.)72 678.6 Q .295
(One detail the e)97 694.2 R .295(xample abo)-.15 F .595 -.15(ve d)-.15
H .295(oes not illustrate is the f).15 F .295(act that macro ar)-.1 F
.294(gument parsing is not tok)-.18 F(en-oriented.)-.1 E 1.258
(If you call)72 706.2 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.258(jumper\( 1 \))3.758
F F0 3.758(,t)C 1.258(he v)-3.758 F 1.258(alue of $1 is)-.25 F F2 3.758
("1")3.758 G F0 6.258(.Y)-3.758 G 1.258(ou could e)-7.358 F -.15(ve)-.25
G 3.759(nc).15 G(all)-3.759 E F2 1.259(jumper\(big string\))3.759 F F0
1.259(to gi)3.759 F 1.559 -.15(ve $)-.25 H 3.759(1t).15 G 1.259(he v)
-3.759 F(alue)-.25 E F2("big string")72 718.2 Q F0(.)A 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-23-)297.67 48 Q .401(If you w)97 84 R .401
(ant to pass in a coordinate pair)-.1 F 2.901(,y)-.4 G .401(ou can a)
-2.901 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .4
(id getting tripped up by the comma by wrapping the pair).2 F
(in parentheses.)72 96 Q(Macros persist through pictures.)97 111.6 Q 1.6
-.8(To u)5 H(nde\214ne a macro, say).8 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(undef)2.5
E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(;f)C(or e)-2.5 E(xample,)
-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(undef jumper)108 129.6 Q(undef jumperblock)108
141.6 Q F0 -.1(wo)72 159.6 S(uld unde\214ne the tw).1 E 2.5(om)-.1 G
(acros in the jumper block e)-2.5 E(xample.)-.15 E F1 2.5
(15. Import/Export)72 183.6 R(Commands)2.5 E F0
(Commands that import or e)97 199.2 Q(xport data between)-.15 E F1(pic)
2.5 E F0(and its en)2.5 E(vironment are described here.)-.4 E F1 2.5
(15.1. File)72 223.2 R(and T)2.5 E(able Insertion)-.92 E F0
(The statement)97 238.8 Q F3(copy)108 256.8 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0
.396(inserts the contents of)72 274.8 R F2(\214lename)2.896 E F0 .396
(in the)2.896 F F1(pic)2.896 E F0 .396(input stream.)2.896 F(An)5.396 E
(y)-.15 E F1(.PS)2.896 E F0(/)A F1(.PE)A F0 .397
(pair in the \214le is ignored.)2.896 F -1.1(Yo)5.397 G 2.897(uc)1.1 G
.397(an use this to)-2.897 F(include pre-generated images.)72 286.8 Q
2.5(Av)97 302.4 S(ariant of this statement replicates the)-2.75 E F1
(copy thru)2.5 E F0(feature of)2.5 E F2(gr)2.5 E(ap)-.15 E F0 2.5
(\(1\). The).19 F(call)2.5 E F3(copy)108 320.4 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F3
(thru)2.5 E F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(calls)72 338.4 Q F2(macr)3.217 E
(o)-.45 E F0 .717(\(which may be either a name or replacement te)3.217 F
.716(xt\) on the ar)-.15 F .716
(guments obtained by breaking each line of)-.18 F .177
(the \214le into blank-separated \214elds.)72 350.4 R .178
(The macro may ha)5.178 F .478 -.15(ve u)-.2 H 2.678(pt).15 G 2.678(o9a)
-2.678 G -.18(rg)-2.678 G 2.678(uments. The).18 F .178(replacement te)
2.678 F .178(xt may be delimited)-.15 F
(by braces or by a pair of instances of an)72 362.4 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(haracter not appearing in the rest of the te)-2.5 E(xt.)-.15 E
(If you write)97 378 Q F3 -3.5(copy thru)108 396 R F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45
E F0(omitting the \214lename, lines to be parsed are tak)72 414 Q
(en from the input source up to the ne)-.1 E(xt)-.15 E F1(.PE)2.5 E F0
(.)A .437(In either of the last tw)97 429.6 R(o)-.1 E F1(copy)2.937 E F0
.437(commands, GNU)2.937 F F1(gpic)2.937 E F0 .437(permits a trailing `)
2.937 F F1(until)A F2(wor)2.937 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.937('c).77 G .436
(lause to be added which)-2.937 F .593(terminates the cop)72 441.6 R
3.093(yw)-.1 G .593(hen the \214rst w)-3.093 F .593(ord matches the ar)
-.1 F .594(gument \(the def)-.18 F .594(ault beha)-.1 F .594
(vior is therefore equi)-.2 F -.25(va)-.25 G .594(lent to).25 F F1
(until)3.094 E(.PE)72 453.6 Q F0(\).)A(Accordingly)97 469.2 Q 2.5(,t)
-.65 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(.PS)122 484.8 Q
(copy thru % circle at \($1,$2\) % until "END")122 496.8 Q 6(12)122
508.8 S 6(34)122 520.8 S 6(56)122 532.8 S(END)122 544.8 Q(box)122 556.8
Q(.PE)122 568.8 Q F0(is equi)72 584.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F3
(.PS)122 600 Q(circle at \(1,2\))122 612 Q(circle at \(3,4\))122 624 Q
(circle at \(5,6\))122 636 Q(box)122 648 Q(.PE)122 660 Q F1 2.5
(15.2. Deb)72 684 R(ug Messages)-.2 E F0 .542(The command)97 699.6 R F1
(print)3.042 E F0 .542(accepts an)3.042 F 3.042(yn)-.15 G .542
(umber of ar)-3.042 F .542
(guments, concatenates their output forms, and writes the result)-.18 F
(to standard error)72 711.6 Q 5(.E)-.55 G(ach ar)-5 E
(gument must be an e)-.18 E(xpression, a position, or a te)-.15 E
(xt string.)-.15 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-24-)297.67 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(15.3. Escape)72 84 R(to P)2.5 E(ost-Pr)-.2 E(ocessor)-.18 E F0
(If you write)97 99.6 Q F1(command)108 117.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.666(...)1.666 G F1(pic)72 135.6 Q F0 .489
(concatenates the ar)2.989 F .49
(guments and pass them through as a line to trof)-.18 F 2.99(fo)-.25 G
2.99(rT)-2.99 G(E)-4.657 2.24 M 2.99(X. Each)-1.25 -2.24 N F2(ar)3.32 E
(g)-.37 E F0 .49(must be an e)3.21 F .49(xpression, a)-.15 F .838
(position, or te)72 147.6 R 3.338(xt. This)-.15 F .838(has a similar ef)
3.338 F .838(fect to a line be)-.25 F .838(ginning with)-.15 F F1(.)
3.338 E F0(or)5.837 E F1(\\)3.337 E F0 3.337(,b)1.666 G .837(ut allo)
-3.537 F .837(ws the v)-.25 F .837(alues of v)-.25 F .837
(ariables to be)-.25 F(passed through.)72 159.6 Q -.15(Fo)72 175.2 S 2.5
(re).15 G(xample,)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 193.2 Q 6(x=1)108
205.2 S(4)-6 E(command ".ds string x is " x ".")108 217.2 Q(.PE)108
229.2 Q(\\*[string])108 241.2 Q F0(prints)72 262.8 Q F3 6(xi)108 280.8 S
6(s1)-6 G(4.)-6 E F1 2.5(15.4. Executing)72 298.8 R(Shell Commands)2.5 E
F0(The command)97 314.4 Q F3 -3.5(sh {)108 332.4 R F2(anything)2.5 E
1.666(...)-.15 G F3(}).834 E F0(macro-e)72 350.4 Q .925(xpands the te)
-.15 F .925(xt in braces, then e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .925
(cutes it as a shell command.).15 F .926
(This could be used to generate images or)5.925 F 1.033
(data tables for later inclusion.)72 362.4 R 1.033(The delimiters sho)
6.033 F 1.033(wn as {} here may also be tw)-.25 F 3.533(oc)-.1 G 1.033
(opies of an)-3.533 F 3.533(yo)-.15 G 1.033(ne character not)-3.533 F
.305(present in the shell command te)72 374.4 R 2.805(xt. In)-.15 F .306
(either case, the body may contain balanced {} pairs.)2.805 F .306
(Strings in the body may)5.306 F
(contain balanced or unbalanced braces in an)72 386.4 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ase.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(16. Contr)72 410.4 R(ol-\215o)-.18 E 2.5(wc)-.1 G
(onstructs)-2.5 E F0(The)97 426 Q F1(pic)2.5 E F0(language pro)2.5 E
(vides conditionals and looping.)-.15 E -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G
(xample,)-2.65 E F3(pi = atan2\(0,-1\);)108 444 Q
(for i = 0 to 2 * pi by 0.1 do {)108 456 Q("-" at \(i/2, 0\);)132 468 Q
("." at \(i/2, sin\(i\)/2\);)132 480 Q(":" at \(i/2, cos\(i\)/2\);)132
492 Q(})108 504 Q F0(which yields this:)72 525.6 Q(-)192.735 581.8 Q(.)
193.15 581.8 Q(:)193.01 545.8 Q(-)196.335 581.8 Q(.)196.75 578.2 Q(:)
196.61 545.944 Q(-)199.935 581.8 Q(.)200.35 574.672 Q(:)200.21 546.52 Q
(-)203.535 581.8 Q(.)203.95 571.144 Q(:)203.81 547.384 Q(-)207.135 581.8
Q(.)207.55 567.76 Q(:)207.41 548.608 Q(-)210.735 581.8 Q(.)211.15 564.52
Q(:)211.01 550.192 Q(-)214.335 581.8 Q(.)214.75 561.496 Q(:)214.61
552.064 Q(-)217.935 581.8 Q(.)218.35 558.616 Q(:)218.21 554.296 Q(-)
221.535 581.8 Q(.)221.95 555.952 Q(:)221.81 556.744 Q(-)225.135 581.8 Q
(.)225.55 553.576 Q(:)225.41 559.408 Q(-)228.735 581.8 Q(.)229.15
551.488 Q(:)229.01 562.36 Q(-)232.335 581.8 Q(.)232.75 549.688 Q(:)
232.61 565.456 Q(-)235.935 581.8 Q(.)236.35 548.248 Q(:)236.21 568.768 Q
(-)239.535 581.8 Q(.)239.95 547.096 Q(:)239.81 572.152 Q(-)243.135 581.8
Q(.)243.55 546.304 Q(:)243.41 575.68 Q(-)246.735 581.8 Q(.)247.15
545.872 Q(:)247.01 579.28 Q(-)250.335 581.8 Q(.)250.75 545.8 Q(:)250.61
582.88 Q(-)253.935 581.8 Q(.)254.35 546.088 Q(:)254.21 586.408 Q(-)
257.535 581.8 Q(.)257.95 546.736 Q(:)257.81 590.008 Q(-)261.135 581.8 Q
(.)261.55 547.744 Q(:)261.41 593.464 Q(-)264.735 581.8 Q(.)265.15 549.04
Q(:)265.01 596.776 Q(-)268.335 581.8 Q(.)268.75 550.696 Q(:)268.61
599.944 Q(-)271.935 581.8 Q(.)272.35 552.712 Q(:)272.21 602.968 Q(-)
275.535 581.8 Q(.)275.95 554.944 Q(:)275.81 605.776 Q(-)279.135 581.8 Q
(.)279.55 557.464 Q(:)279.41 608.368 Q(-)282.735 581.8 Q(.)283.15
560.272 Q(:)283.01 610.672 Q(-)286.335 581.8 Q(.)286.75 563.224 Q(:)
286.61 612.616 Q(-)289.935 581.8 Q(.)290.35 566.392 Q(:)290.21 614.344 Q
(-)293.535 581.8 Q(.)293.95 569.776 Q(:)293.81 615.712 Q(-)297.135 581.8
Q(.)297.55 573.16 Q(:)297.41 616.72 Q(-)300.735 581.8 Q(.)301.15 576.688
Q(:)301.01 617.44 Q(-)304.335 581.8 Q(.)304.75 580.288 Q(:)304.61 617.8
Q(-)307.935 581.8 Q(.)308.35 583.888 Q(:)308.21 617.728 Q(-)311.535
581.8 Q(.)311.95 587.488 Q(:)311.81 617.368 Q(-)315.135 581.8 Q(.)315.55
591.016 Q(:)315.41 616.576 Q(-)318.735 581.8 Q(.)319.15 594.4 Q(:)319.01
615.496 Q(-)322.335 581.8 Q(.)322.75 597.712 Q(:)322.61 614.056 Q(-)
325.935 581.8 Q(.)326.35 600.88 Q(:)326.21 612.328 Q(-)329.535 581.8 Q
(.)329.95 603.832 Q(:)329.81 610.24 Q(-)333.135 581.8 Q(.)333.55 606.568
Q(:)333.41 607.936 Q(-)336.735 581.8 Q(.)337.15 609.016 Q(:)337.01
605.344 Q(-)340.335 581.8 Q(.)340.75 611.248 Q(:)340.61 602.464 Q(-)
343.935 581.8 Q(.)344.35 613.192 Q(:)344.21 599.44 Q(-)347.535 581.8 Q
(.)347.95 614.776 Q(:)347.81 596.2 Q(-)351.135 581.8 Q(.)351.55 616.072
Q(:)351.41 592.888 Q(-)354.735 581.8 Q(.)355.15 617.008 Q(:)355.01
589.36 Q(-)358.335 581.8 Q(.)358.75 617.584 Q(:)358.61 585.832 Q(-)
361.935 581.8 Q(.)362.35 617.8 Q(:)362.21 582.232 Q(-)365.535 581.8 Q(.)
365.95 617.656 Q(:)365.81 578.632 Q(-)369.135 581.8 Q(.)369.55 617.152 Q
(:)369.41 575.104 Q(-)372.735 581.8 Q(.)373.15 616.288 Q(:)373.01
571.576 Q(-)376.335 581.8 Q(.)376.75 615.136 Q(:)376.61 568.192 Q(-)
379.935 581.8 Q(.)380.35 613.624 Q(:)380.21 564.952 Q(-)383.535 581.8 Q
(.)383.95 611.752 Q(:)383.81 561.856 Q(-)387.135 581.8 Q(.)387.55
609.592 Q(:)387.41 558.976 Q(-)390.735 581.8 Q(.)391.15 607.216 Q(:)
391.01 556.312 Q(-)394.335 581.8 Q(.)394.75 604.552 Q(:)394.61 553.864 Q
(-)397.935 581.8 Q(.)398.35 601.6 Q(:)398.21 551.776 Q(-)401.535 581.8 Q
(.)401.95 598.504 Q(:)401.81 549.904 Q(-)405.135 581.8 Q(.)405.55
595.264 Q(:)405.41 548.392 Q(-)408.735 581.8 Q(.)409.15 591.88 Q(:)
409.01 547.24 Q(-)412.335 581.8 Q(.)412.75 588.352 Q(:)412.61 546.376 Q
(-)415.935 581.8 Q(.)416.35 584.824 Q(:)416.21 545.944 Q
(Figure 16-1: Plotting with a)232.79 638.6 Q F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0
(loop)2.5 E(The syntax of the)72 666.2 Q F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0
(statement is:)2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 684.2 S(r).25 E F2(variable)2.5 E F1
(=)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(to)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E
F0([)2.52 E F1(by)A F0([)2.5 E F1(*)A F0(])A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr3).2 E F0(])
.15 E F1(do)2.5 E F2 2.5(Xb)2.5 G(ody X)-2.5 E F0 .528
(The semantics are as follo)72 702.2 R 3.028(ws: Set)-.25 F F2(variable)
3.318 E F0(to)3.208 E F2 -.2(ex)3.028 G(pr1).2 E F0 5.528(.W)C .528
(hile the v)-5.528 F .528(alue of)-.25 F F2(variable)3.318 E F0 .527
(is less than or equal to)3.207 F F2 -.2(ex)3.027 G(pr2).2 E F0 3.027
(,d)C(o)-3.027 E F2(body)72.27 714.2 Q F0 .798(and increment)3.618 F F2
(variable)3.588 E F0(by)3.478 E F2 -.2(ex)3.298 G(pr3).2 E F0 3.298(;i)C
(f)-3.298 E F1(by)3.298 E F0 .798(is not gi)3.298 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .799
(n, increment).15 F F2(variable)3.589 E F0 .799(by 1.)3.479 F(If)5.799 E
F2 -.2(ex)3.299 G(pr3).2 E F0 .799(is pre\214x)3.449 F .799(ed by)-.15 F
F1(*)3.299 E F0(then)3.299 E F2(variable)72.29 726.2 Q F0 .791
(is multiplied instead by)3.471 F F2 -.2(ex)3.291 G(pr3).2 E F0 5.791
(.T)C .791(he v)-5.791 F .791(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.291 G(pr3).2 E
F0 .79(can be ne)3.441 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.09 -.15(ve f)-.25 H
.79(or the additi).15 F 1.09 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ase;).15 E F2(variable)
3.58 E F0 .79(is then)3.47 F 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-25-)297.67 48 Q .681
(tested whether it is greater than or equal to)72 84 R/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)3.181 G(pr2).2 E F0 5.681(.F)C .681
(or the multiplicati)-5.831 F .981 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ase,).15 E F1 -.2
(ex)3.181 G(pr3).2 E F0 .681(must be greater than zero.)3.331 F(If)5.681
E .223(the constraints aren')72 96 R 2.723(tm)-.18 G .223
(et, the loop isn')-2.723 F 2.723(te)-.18 G -.15(xe)-2.873 G(cuted.).15
E F1(X)6.013 E F0 .222(can be an)3.662 F 2.722(yc)-.15 G .222
(haracter not occurring in)-2.722 F F1(body)2.722 E F0 2.722(;o)C 2.722
(rt)-2.722 G .222(he tw)-2.722 F(o)-.1 E F1(X)2.722 E F0 2.722(sm).94 G
(ay)-2.722 E(be paired braces \(as in the)72 108 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(sh)2.5 E F0(command\).)2.5 E(The syntax of the)97 123.6 Q F2(if)2.5 E
F0(statement is as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(if)108 141.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)
2.5 G(pr).2 E F2(then)2.5 E F1 2.5(Xi)2.5 G(f-true X)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E
F2(else)A F1 2.5(Yi)2.5 G(f-false Y)-2.5 E F0(])1.27 E .088
(Its semantics are as follo)72 159.6 R .088(ws: Ev)-.25 F(aluate)-.25 E
F1 -.2(ex)2.588 G(pr).2 E F0 2.588(;i)C 2.588(fi)-2.588 G 2.588(ti)
-2.588 G 2.588(sn)-2.588 G .088(on-zero then do)-2.588 F F1(if-true)
2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C .088(therwise do)-2.588 F F1(if-false)2.588 E F0
(.)A F1(X)5.878 E F0 .088(can be an)3.528 F 2.589(yc)-.15 G(har)-2.589 E
(-)-.2 E(acter not occurring in)72 171.6 Q F1(if-true)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Y)
4.72 E F0(can be an)3.77 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(haracter not occurring in)-2.5
E F1(if-false)2.5 E F0(.)A .333(Eithe or both of the)97 187.2 R F1(X)
3.623 E F0(or)3.773 E F1(Y)2.553 E F0 .332
(pairs may instead be balanced pairs of braces \({ and }\) as in the)
4.103 F F2(sh)2.832 E F0 2.832(command. In)2.832 F(either case, the)72
199.2 Q F1(if-true)2.5 E F0(may contain balanced pairs of braces.)2.5 E
(None of these delimiters are seen inside strings.)5 E 1.289
(All the usual relational operators my be used in conditional e)97 214.8
R(xpressions;)-.15 E F2(!)3.79 E F0 1.29(\(logical ne)3.79 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G 1.29(tion, not f).05 F(actorial\),)-.1 E F2(&&)72 226.8 Q F0(,)A
F2 1.666(||)2.5 G F0(,)-1.666 E F2(==)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(!=)2.5 E F0(,)A F2
(>=)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(<=)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(<)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(>)2.5 E F0(.)A
1.066(String comparison is also supported using)97 242.4 R F2(==)3.566 E
F0(and)3.566 E F2(!=)3.566 E F0 6.066(.S)C 1.065
(tring comparisons may need to be parenthesized to)-6.066 F -.2(avo)72
254.4 S(id syntactic ambiguities.).2 E F2 2.5(17. Interface)72 278.4 R
1.84 -.92(To [)2.5 H(gt]r).92 E(off)-.18 E F0 .311(The output of)97 294
R F2(pic)2.811 E F0(is)2.811 E F2([gt]r)2.811 E(off)-.18 E F0(dra)2.811
E .311(wing commands.)-.15 F .311(The GNU)5.311 F F1(gpic)2.811 E F0
.311(\(1\) command w).31 F .312(arns that it relies on dra)-.1 F(wing)
-.15 E -.15(ex)72 306 S(tensions present in).15 E F1(gr)2.5 E(of)-.45 E
(f)-.18 E F0(\(1\) that are not present in)1.96 E F1(tr)2.5 E(of)-.45 E
(f)-.18 E F0(\(1\).)1.96 E F2 2.5(17.1. Scaling)72 330 R(Ar)2.5 E
(guments)-.1 E F0 .454(The D)97 345.6 R(WB)-.3 E F1(pic)2.954 E F0 .454
(\(1\) program accepts one or tw).31 F 2.954(oa)-.1 G -.18(rg)-2.954 G
.454(uments to).18 F F2(.PS)2.954 E F0 2.954(,w)C .453
(hich is interpreted as a width and height in)-2.954 F .065
(inches to which the results of)72 357.6 R F1(pic)2.565 E F0 .065
(\(1\) should be scaled \(width and height scale independently\).).31 F
.066(If there is only one ar)5.066 F(-)-.2 E(gument, it is interpreted \
as a width to scale the picture to, and height is scaled by the same pr\
oportion.)72 369.6 Q(GNU)97 385.2 Q F2(gpic)2.753 E F0 .253(is less gen\
eral; it accepts a single width to scale to, or a zero width and a maxi\
mum height to scale)2.753 F 2.5(to. W)72 397.2 R(ith tw)-.4 E 2.5(on)-.1
G(on-zero ar)-2.5 E(guments, it scales to the maximum height.)-.18 E F2
2.5(17.2. Ho)72 421.2 R 2.5(wS)-.1 G(caling is Handled)-2.5 E F0(When)97
436.8 Q F2(pic)3.267 E F0 .767
(processes a picture description on input, it passes)3.267 F F2(.PS)
3.267 E F0(,)A F2(.PE)3.267 E F0 3.267(,a)C(nd)-3.267 E F2(.PF)3.267 E
F0 .767(through to the postprocessor)3.267 F(.)-.55 E(The)72 448.8 Q F2
(.PS)2.543 E F0 .043(gets decorated with tw)2.543 F 2.543(on)-.1 G .043
(umeric ar)-2.543 F .043
(guments which are the X and Y dimensions of the picture in inches.)-.18
F(The)5.043 E(post-processor can use these to reserv)72 460.8 Q 2.5(es)
-.15 G(pace for the picture and center it.)-2.5 E
(The GNU incarnation of the)97 476.4 Q F2(ms)2.5 E F0
(macro package, for e)2.5 E(xample, includes the follo)-.15 E
(wing de\214nitions:)-.25 E/F3 9/Courier@0 SF(.de PS)108 493.4 Q(.br)108
504.4 Q(.sp \\\\n[DD]u)108 515.4 Q(.ie \\\\n[.$]<2 .@error bad argument\
s to PS \(not preprocessed with pic?\))108 526.4 Q(.el \\{\\)108 537.4 Q
19.6(.d)108 548.4 S(s@need \(u;\\\\$1\)+1v)-19.6 E 19.6(.i)108 559.4 S
5.4(n+)-19.6 G(\(u;\\\\n[.l]-\\\\n[.i]-\\\\$2/2>?0\))-5.4 E(.\\})108
570.4 Q(..)108 581.4 Q(.de PE)108 592.4 Q(.par@reset)108 603.4 Q
(.sp \\\\n[DD]u+.5m)108 614.4 Q(..)108 625.4 Q F0(Equi)72 647 Q -.25(va)
-.25 G .065(lent de\214nitions of these and of).25 F F2(.PF)2.565 E F0
.065(are supplied by GNU)2.565 F F1(pic)2.565 E F0 .065
(\(1\) if you use the \255mpic option; this should mak).31 F(e)-.1 E
(it usable with macro pages other than)72 659 Q F1(ms)2.5 E F0(\(1\).)
.27 E(If)97 674.6 Q F2(.PF)2.883 E F0 .383(is used instead of)2.883 F F2
(.PE)2.883 E F0 2.883(,t)C(he)-2.883 E F2(tr)2.883 E(off)-.18 E F0 .383
(position is restored to what it w)2.883 F .383
(as at the picture start \(K)-.1 F .382(ernighan notes)-.25 F
(that the F stands for \231\215yback\232\).)72 686.6 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-26-)297.67 48 Q(The in)97 84 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G
(cation).2 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(.PS <)108 102 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0
SF(\214le)1.91 E F0(causes the contents of)72 120 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0
(to replace the)2.5 E F1(.PS)2.5 E F0 2.5(line. This)2.5 F
(feature is deprecated; use `)2.5 E F1(copy)A F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 2.5('i)
C(nstead.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(17.3. PIC)72 144 R(and [gt]r)2.5 E(off commands)
-.18 E F0 .038(By def)97 159.6 R .038(ault, input lines that be)-.1 F
.039(gin with a period are passed to the postprocessor)-.15 F 2.539(,e)
-.4 G .039(mbedded at the corresponding)-2.539 F .09
(point in the output.)72 171.6 R .09(Messing with horizontal or v)5.09 F
.09(ertical spacing is an ob)-.15 F .089(vious recipe for b)-.15 F .089
(ugs, b)-.2 F .089(ut point size and font)-.2 F
(changes are usually safe.)72 183.6 Q 1.099
(Point sizes and font changes are also safe within te)97 199.2 R 1.1
(xt strings, as long as the)-.15 F 3.6(ya)-.15 G 1.1
(re undone before the end of)-3.6 F(string.)72 211.2 Q
(The enablement of output line \214lling by)97 226.8 Q F1([gt]r)2.5 E
(off)-.18 E F0(is preserv)2.5 E(ed across pictures.)-.15 E F1 2.5
(17.4. PIC)72 250.8 R(and EQN)2.5 E F0 .355(The K)97 266.4 R .355(ernig\
han paper notes that there is a subtle problem with complicated equatio\
ns inside)-.25 F F1(pic)2.855 E F0 .355(pictures; the)2.855 F(y)-.15 E
.046(come out wrong if)72 278.4 R F2(eqn)2.546 E F0 .046
(\(1\) has to lea).24 F .346 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .046(tra v).15 F .047
(ertical space for the equation.)-.15 F .047(If your equation in)5.047 F
-.2(vo)-.4 G(lv).2 E .047(es more than sub-)-.15 F .14
(scripts and superscripts, you must add to the be)72 290.4 R .139
(ginning of each equation the e)-.15 F .139(xtra information)-.15 F F1
.139(space 0)2.639 F F0 5.139(.H)C 2.639(eg)-5.139 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)
-2.639 H 2.639(st).25 G(he)-2.639 E(follo)72 302.4 Q(wing e)-.25 E
(xample:)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(arrow)108 320.4 Q
(box "$space 0 {H\( omega \)} over {1 - H\( omega \)}$")108 332.4 Q
(arrow)108 344.4 Q 279 386.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 279 386.4
MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 271.8 386.4 243 386.4 DL
333 404.4 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST F2(H)295.365 381.6 Q F0(\()
.95 E/F4 10/Symbol-Slanted SF(w)-.35 E F0(\))1.26 E(1)-29.875 14 M/F5 10
/Symbol SF(-)2.2 E F2(H)2.78 E F0(\().95 E F4(w)-.35 E F0(\))1.26 E
324.66 386 287.34 386 DL 369 386.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL 0 Fg 369
386.4 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL .1 LW 0 Cg ST .4 LW 361.8 386.4 333
386.4 DL(Figure 17-1: Equations within pictures)228.78 427.4 Q F1 2.5
(17.5. Absolute)72 463.4 R -.2(Po)2.5 G(sitioning of Pictur).2 E(es)-.18
E F0(A)97 479 Q F1(pic)2.813 E F0 .314(picture is positioned v)2.813 F
.314(ertically by trof)-.15 F 2.814(fa)-.25 G 2.814(tt)-2.814 G .314
(he current position.)-2.814 F .314
(The topmost position possible on a page)5.314 F .356
(is not the paper edge b)72 491 R .356
(ut a position which is one baseline lo)-.2 F .355
(wer so that the \214rst ro)-.25 F 2.855(wo)-.25 G 2.855(fg)-2.855 G
.355(lyphs is visible.)-2.855 F 1.955 -.8(To m)5.355 H(ak).8 E 2.855(ea)
-.1 G .038(picture really start at the paper edge you ha)72 503 R .338
-.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.538(om).15 G(ak)-2.538 E 2.538(et)-.1 G .038
(he baseline-to-baseline distance zero, this is, you must set the)-2.538
F -.15(ve)72 515 S(rtical spacing to 0 \(using).15 E F1(.vs)2.5 E F0 2.5
(\)b)C(efore starting the picture.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(18. Interface)72 539 R
(to T)2.5 E(eX)-.92 E F0(T)97 558.2 Q(E)-1.667 2.24 M 3.258(Xm)-1.25
-2.24 O .758(ode is enabled by the)-3.258 F F1<ad74>3.257 E F0 3.257
(option. In)3.257 F(T)3.257 E(E)-1.667 2.24 M 3.257(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O
.757(ode, pic de\214nes a vbox called)-3.257 F F1(\\graph)3.257 E F0
.757(for each picture; the)3.257 F .416
(name can be changed with the pseudo-v)72 570.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F1
(\214gname)2.916 E F0 .416
(\(which is actually a specially parsed command\).)2.916 F -1.1(Yo)5.417
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(FILEN)97 321.6 Q(AME)-.315 E F0(The name of a \214le.)122 333.6 Q
(This has the same semantics as)5 E F1(TEXT)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(MA)97 349.2
Q(CR)-.36 E(ON)-.36 E(AME)-.315 E F0(Either)122 361.2 Q F1 -1.215(VA)2.5
G(RIABLE)1.215 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(LABEL)2.5 E F0(.)A F5 2.5(21.2. Semi-F)
72 385.2 R(ormal Grammar)-.25 E F0 -.8(To)97 400.8 S -.1(ke).8 G
(ns not enclosed in).1 E F4 1.666<e1f1>2.5 G F0(are literals, e).834 E
(xcept:)-.15 E(1.)72 416.4 Q F5(\\n)17.5 E F0(is a ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25
E 15(2. Three)72 432 R(dots is a suf)2.5 E(\214x meaning `replace with \
0 or more repetitions of the preceding element\(s\).)-.25 E 15(3. An)72
447.6 R(enclosure in square brack)2.5 E
(ets has its usual meaning of `this clause is optional'.)-.1 E 15
(4. Square-brack)72 463.2 R(et-enclosed portions within tok)-.1 E
(ens are optional.)-.1 E(Thus, `h)5 E -1.667([eigh] t').833 F
(matches either `height' or `ht'.)2.5 E(If one of these special tok)72
478.8 Q(ens has to be referred to literally)-.1 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(ti)
-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(urrounded with single quotes.)-2.5 E(The top-le)97
494.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(l).15 E F5(pic)2.5 E F0(object is a picture.)2.5
E F2(<picture> ::=)108 512.4 Q(.PS [NUMBER [NUMBER]]\\n)120 524.4 Q
(<statement> ...)120 536.4 Q(.PE \\n)120 548.4 Q F0 .755(The ar)97 566.4
R .755(guments, if present, represent the width and height of the pictu\
re, causing)-.18 F F5(pic)3.255 E F0 .756(to attempt to scale it to)
3.255 F .143(the gi)72 578.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.643(nd).15 G .143
(imensions in inches.)-2.643 F .143(In no case, ho)5.143 F(we)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G .942 -.4(r, t).15 H .142
(he X and Y dimensions of the picture e).4 F .142(xceed the v)-.15 F
.142(alues of the)-.25 F(style v)72 590.4 Q(ariables)-.25 E F5(maxpswid)
2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F5(maxpsheight)2.5 E F0(\(which def)2.5 E
(ault to the normal 8.5)-.1 E 2.5(ib).833 G 2.5(y1)-2.5 G -1.666 .833
(1i p)-2.5 H(age size\).)-.833 E .314
(If the ending `.PE' is replaced by `.PF', the page v)97 606 R .315
(ertical position is restored to its v)-.15 F .315
(alue at the time `.PS' w)-.25 F(as)-.1 E 2.929(encountered. Another)72
618 R .429(alternate form of in)2.929 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .429
(cation is `.PS <).2 F F1(FILEN)A(AME)-.315 E F0 .429
(', which replaces the `.PS' line with a \214le to)B(be interpreted by)
72 630 Q F5(pic)2.5 E F0(\(b)2.5 E(ut this feature is deprecated\).)-.2
E .244(The `.PS', `.PE', and `.PF' macros to perform centering and scal\
ing are normally supplied by the post-proces-)97 645.6 R(sor)72 657.6 Q
(.)-.55 E(In the follo)97 673.2 Q(wing, either `|' or a ne)-.25 E 2.5
(wl)-.25 G(ine starts an alternati)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2
(<statement> ::=)108 691.2 Q(<command> ;)120 703.2 Q(<command> \\n)120
715.2 Q 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-33-)297.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF
(<command> ::=)108 84 Q(<primitive> [<attribute>])120 96 Q
(LABEL : [;] <command>)120 108 Q(LABEL : [;] <command> [<position>])120
120 Q 6({<)120 132 S(command> ... })-6 E(VARIABLE [:] = <any-expr>)120
144 Q(figname = MACRONAME)120 156 Q(up | down | left | right)120 168 Q
(COMMAND-LINE)120 180 Q(command <print-arg> ...)120 192 Q
(print <print-arg> ...)120 204 Q(sh BALANCED-TEXT)120 216 Q
(copy FILENAME)120 228 Q(copy [FILENAME] thru MACRONAME [until TEXT])120
240 Q(copy [FILENAME] thru BALANCED-BODY [until TEXT])120 252 Q
(for VARIABLE = <expr> to <expr> [by [*] <expr>] do BALANCED-BODY)120
264 Q(if <any-expr> then BALANCED-BODY [else BALANCED-BODY])120 276 Q
(reset [VARIABLE [[,] VARIABLE ...]])120 288 Q(<print-arg> ::=)108 306 Q
(TEXT)120 318 Q(<expr>)120 330 Q(<position>)120 342 Q F0
(The current position and direction are sa)97 360 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5
(do).15 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(ntry to a)-2.5 E(`{ .)74.5 372 Q -3.332 1.666
(.. })1.666 H 2.5('c)-1.666 G(onstruction and restored on e)-2.5 E
(xit from it.)-.15 E(Note that in `if)97 387.6 Q 2.5('c).55 G
(onstructions, ne)-2.5 E(wlines can only occur in)-.25 E/F2 9
/Times-Roman@0 SF -.315(BA)2.5 G(LANCED-BOD).315 E(Y)-.495 E F0 5(.T)C
(his means that)-5 E F1(if)108 405.6 Q 6({.)108 417.6 S(.. })-6 E(else)
108 429.6 Q 6({.)108 441.6 S(.. })-6 E F0 -.1(fa)97 459.6 S 2.5(ils. Y)
.1 F(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(ou).15 G
(se the braces on the same line as the k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15
G(rds:).1 E F1(if {)108 477.6 Q(...)108 489.6 Q 6(}e)108 501.6 S(lse {)
-6 E(...)108 513.6 Q(})108 525.6 Q F0(This restriction doesn')97 543.6 Q
2.5(th)-.18 G(old for the body after the `do' in a `for' construction.)
-2.5 E .199(At the be)97 559.2 R .199(ginning of each picture, `\214gna\
me' is reset to the vbox name `graph'; this command has only a mean-)
-.15 F .29(ing in T)72 571.2 R(E)-1.667 2.24 M 2.79(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O
2.79(ode. While)-2.79 F .29(the grammar rules allo)2.79 F 2.79(wd)-.25 G
.29(igits and the underscore in the v)-2.79 F .291
(alue of `\214gname', T)-.25 F(E)-1.667 2.24 M 2.791(Xn)-1.25 -2.24 O
(ormally)-2.791 E .357(accepts uppercase and lo)72 583.2 R .357
(wercase letters only as box names \(you ha)-.25 F .657 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
2.857(ou).15 G .357(se `\\csname' if you really need to circum-)-2.857 F
-.15(ve)72 595.2 S(nt this limitation\).).15 E F1(<any-expr> ::=)108
613.2 Q(<expr>)120 625.2 Q(<text-expr>)120 637.2 Q
(<any-expr> <logical-op> <any-expr>)120 649.2 Q 6(!<)120 661.2 S
(any-expr>)-6 E(<logical-op> ::=)108 679.2 Q(== | != | && | '||')120
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-34-)297.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF
(<text-expr> ::=)108 84 Q(TEXT == TEXT)120 96 Q(TEXT != TEXT)120 108 Q
F0 .166(Logical operators are handled specially by)97 126 R/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(pic)2.666 E F0 .166(since the)2.666 F 2.666(yc)-.15 G
.166(an deal with te)-2.666 F .166(xt strings also.)-.15 F F2(pic)5.166
E F0(uses)2.666 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)2.667 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .167
(\(3\) to).19 F
(test for equality of strings; an empty string is considered as `f)72
138 Q(alse' for `&&' and `|)-.1 E(|'.)1.666 E F1(<primitive> ::=)108 156
Q(box)120 168 Q F0 2.5(#c)114 G(losed object \212 rectangle)-2.5 E F1
(circle)120 180 Q F0 2.5(#c)96 G(losed object \212 circle)-2.5 E F1
(ellipse)120 192 Q F0 2.5(#c)90 G(losed object \212 ellipse)-2.5 E F1
(arc)120 204 Q F0 2.5(#o)114 G(pen object \212 quarter)-2.5 E(-circle)
-.2 E F1(line)120 216 Q F0 2.5(#o)108 G(pen object \212 line)-2.5 E F1
(arrow)120 228 Q F0 2.5(#o)102 G(pen object \212 line with arro)-2.5 E
(whead)-.25 E F1(spline)120 240 Q F0 2.5(#o)96 G
(pen object \212 spline curv)-2.5 E(e)-.15 E F1(move)120 252 Q
(TEXT TEXT ...)120 264 Q F0 2.5(#t)54 G -.15(ex)-2.5 G 2.5(tw).15 G
(ithin in)-2.5 E(visible box)-.4 E F1(plot <expr> TEXT)120 276 Q F0 2.5
(#f)36 G(ormatted te)-2.5 E(xt)-.15 E F1('[' <command> ... ']')120 288 Q
F0(Dra)97 306 Q 1.049(wn objects within `[ .)-.15 F -2.283 1.666(.. ])
1.666 H 3.549('a)-1.666 G 1.048(re treated as a single composite object\
 with a rectangular shape \(that of the)-3.549 F .234
(bounding box of all the elements\).)72 318 R -1.11(Va)5.234 G .234
(riable and label assignments within a block are local to the block.)
1.11 F .235(Current di-)5.235 F .479
(rection of motion is restored to the v)72 330 R .479
(alue at start of block upon e)-.25 F 2.978(xit. Position)-.15 F(is)
2.978 E F3(not)2.978 E F0 .478(restored \(unlik)2.978 F 2.978(e`)-.1 G
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-35-)297.67 48 Q
(the current position becomes the e)72 84 Q
(xit position for the current direction on the block')-.15 E 2.5(sb)-.55
G(ounding box.)-2.5 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(<attribute> ::=)108 102 Q
(h[eigh]t <expr>)120 114 Q F0 2.5(#s)42 G(et height of closed \214gure)
-2.5 E F1(wid[th] <expr>)120 126 Q F0 2.5(#s)48 G
(et width of closed \214gure)-2.5 E F1(rad[ius] <expr>)120 138 Q F0 2.5
(#s)42 G(et radius of circle/arc)-2.5 E F1(diam[eter] <expr>)120 150 Q
F0 2.5(#s)30 G(et diameter of circle/arc)-2.5 E F1(up [<expr>])120 162 Q
F0 2.5(#m)66 G .3 -.15(ove u)-2.5 H(p).15 E F1(down [<expr>])120 174 Q
F0 2.5(#m)54 G .3 -.15(ove d)-2.5 H -.25(ow).15 G(n).25 E F1
(left [<expr>])120 186 Q F0 2.5(#m)54 G .3 -.15(ove l)-2.5 H(eft).15 E
F1(right [<expr>])120 198 Q F0 2.5(#m)48 G .3 -.15(ove r)-2.5 H(ight).15
E F1(from <position>)120 210 Q F0 2.5(#s)42 G
(et from position of open \214gure)-2.5 E F1(to <position>)120 222 Q F0
2.5(#s)54 G(et to position of open \214gure)-2.5 E F1(at <position>)120
234 Q F0 2.5(#s)54 G(et center of open \214gure)-2.5 E F1(with <path>)
120 246 Q F0 2.5<238c>66 G 2.5(xc)-2.5 G
(orner/named point at speci\214ed location)-2.5 E F1(with <position>)120
258 Q F0 2.5<238c>42 G 2.5(xp)-2.5 G
(osition of object at speci\214ed location)-2.5 E F1(by <expr-pair>)120
270 Q F0 2.5(#s)48 G(et object')-2.5 E 2.5(sa)-.55 G(ttachment point)
-2.5 E F1(then)120 282 Q F0 2.5(#s)108 G(equential se)-2.5 E
(gment composition)-.15 E F1(dotted [<expr>])120 294 Q F0 2.5(#s)42 G
(et dotted line style)-2.5 E F1(dashed [<expr>])120 306 Q F0 2.5(#s)42 G
(et dashed line style)-2.5 E F1(thick[ness] <expr>)120 318 Q F0 2.5(#s)
24 G(et thickness of lines)-2.5 E F1(chop [<expr>])120 330 Q F0 2.5(#c)
54 G(hop end\(s\) of se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1('->' | '<-' | '<->')120
342 Q F0 2.5(#d)18 G(ecorate with arro)-2.5 E(ws)-.25 E F1(invis[ible])
120 354 Q F0 2.5(#m)66 G(ak)-2.5 E 2.5(ep)-.1 G(rimiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15
(ve i)-.25 H -.4(nv).15 G(isible).4 E F1(solid)120 366 Q F0 2.5(#s)102 G
(et solid line style)-2.5 E F1(fill[ed] [<expr>])120 378 Q F0 2.5<238c>
30 G(ll closed \214gure with optional density)-2.5 E F1(xscaled <expr>)
120 390 Q F0 2.5(#s)48 G(lant box into x direction)-2.5 E F1
(yscaled <expr>)120 402 Q F0 2.5(#s)48 G(lant box into y direction)-2.5
E F1(colo[u]r[ed] TEXT)120 414 Q F0 2.5(#s)30 G
(et \214ll and outline color for \214gure)-2.5 E F1(outline[d] TEXT)120
426 Q F0 2.5(#s)42 G(et outline color for \214gure)-2.5 E F1
(shaded TEXT)120 438 Q F0 2.5(#s)66 G(et \214ll color for \214gure)-2.5
E F1(same)120 450 Q F0 2.5(#c)108 G(op)-2.5 E 2.5(ys)-.1 G(ize of pre)
-2.5 E(vious object)-.25 E F1(cw | ccw)120 462 Q F0 2.5(#s)84 G
(et orientation of curv)-2.5 E(es)-.15 E F1(ljust | rjust)120 474 Q F0
2.5(#a)54 G(djust te)-2.5 E(xt horizontally)-.15 E F1(above | below)120
486 Q F0 2.5(#a)54 G(djust te)-2.5 E(xt v)-.15 E(ertically)-.15 E F1
(aligned)120 498 Q F0 2.5(#a)90 G(lign parallel to object)-2.5 E F1
(TEXT TEXT ...)120 510 Q F0 2.5(#t)54 G -.15(ex)-2.5 G 2.5(tw).15 G
(ithin object)-2.5 E F1(<expr>)120 522 Q F0 2.5(#m)96 G
(otion in the current direction)-2.5 E .725(Missing attrib)97 540 R .725
(utes are supplied from def)-.2 F .726
(aults; inappropriate ones are silently ignored.)-.1 F -.15(Fo)5.726 G
3.226(rl).15 G .726(ines, splines, and)-3.226 F
(arcs, height and width refer to arro)72 552 Q(whead size.)-.25 E .8
(The `at' primiti)97 567.6 R 1.1 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .8
(ets the center of the current object.).15 F .8(The `with' attrib)5.8 F
.8(ute \214x)-.2 F .8(es the speci\214ed feature of the)-.15 F(gi)72
579.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G(bject to a speci\214ed location.)
-2.5 E(\(Note that `with' is incorrectly described in the K)5 E
(ernighan paper)-.25 E(.\))-.55 E .764(The `by' primiti)97 595.2 R 1.064
-.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.264(sn).15 G .764
(ot documented in the tutorial portion of the K)-3.264 F .764
(ernighan paper)-.25 F 3.264(,a)-.4 G .765(nd should probably be)-3.264
F(considered unreliable.)72 607.2 Q(The primiti)97 622.8 Q .3 -.15(ve `)
-.25 H(arro).15 E(w' is a synon)-.25 E(ym for `line ->'.)-.15 E -1.25
-.7(Te x)97 638.4 T 3.207(ti).7 G 3.207(sn)-3.207 G .707
(ormally an attrib)-3.207 F .707
(ute of some object, in which case successi)-.2 F 1.006 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.706(trings are v).15 F .706(ertically stack)-.15 F .706(ed and cen-)-.1
F(tered on the object')72 650.4 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(enter by def)-2.5 E 2.5
(ault. Standalone)-.1 F(te)2.5 E
(xt is treated as though placed in an in)-.15 E(visible box.)-.4 E 2.72
(At)97 666 S -.15(ex)-2.72 G 2.72(ti).15 G .22
(tem consists of a string or sprintf-e)-2.72 F .221
(xpression, optionally follo)-.15 F .221
(wed by positioning information.)-.25 F -1.25 -.7(Te x)5.221 H 2.721
(t\().7 G(or)-2.721 E .586(strings speci\214ed with `sprintf)72 678 R
.585('\) may contain font changes, size changes, and local motions, pro)
.55 F .585(vided those changes)-.15 F 1.132
(are undone before the end of the current item.)72 690 R -1.25 -.7(Te x)
6.132 H 3.632(tm).7 G 1.133
(ay also contain \\-escapes denoting special characters.)-3.632 F(The)
6.133 E .639(base font and speci\214c set of escapes supported is imple\
mentation dependent, b)72 702 R .639(ut supported escapes al)-.2 F -.1
(wa)-.1 G .639(ys include).1 F(the follo)72 714 Q(wing:)-.25 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-36-)297.67 48 Q(\\fR, \\f1)72 84 Q
(Set Roman style \(the def)10 E(ault\))-.1 E(\\fI, \\f2)72 99.6 Q
(Set Italic style)13.34 E(\\fB, \\f3)72 115.2 Q(Set Bold style)10 E
24.72(\\fP Re)72 130.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(rt to pre).15 E
(vious style; only w)-.25 E(orks one le)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ld).15
G(eep, does not stack.)-2.5 E .473
(Color names are dependent on the pic implementation, b)97 146.4 R .474
(ut in all modern v)-.2 F .474(ersions color names recognized by)-.15 F
(the X windo)72 158.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(ystem are supported.)-2.5 E 2.5
(Ap)97 174 S(osition is an \(x,y\) coordinate pair)-2.5 E 5(.T)-.55 G
(here are lots of dif)-5 E(ferent w)-.25 E(ays to specify positions:)-.1
E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(<position> ::=)108 192 Q(<position-not-place>)120
204 Q(<place>)120 216 Q 6(\(<)120 228 S(position> \))-6 E
(<position-not-place> ::=)108 246 Q(<expr-pair>)120 258 Q
(<position> + <expr-pair>)120 270 Q(<position> - <expr-pair>)120 282 Q 6
(\(<)120 294 S(position> , <position> \))-6 E
(<expr> [of the way] between <position> and <position>)120 306 Q
(<expr> '<' <position> , <position> '>')120 318 Q(<expr-pair> ::=)108
336 Q(<expr> , <expr>)120 348 Q 6(\(e)120 360 S(xpr-pair \))-6 E
(<place> ::=)108 378 Q(<label>)120 390 Q(<label> <corner>)120 402 Q
(<corner> [of] <label>)120 414 Q(Here)120 426 Q(<label> ::=)108 444 Q
(LABEL [. LABEL ...])120 456 Q(<nth-primitive>)120 468 Q(<corner> ::=)
108 486 Q(.n | .e | .w | .s)120 498 Q(.ne | .se | .nw | .sw)120 510 Q
(.c[enter] | .start | .end)120 522 Q
(.t[op] | .b[ot[tom]] | .l[eft] | .r[ight])120 534 Q
(left | right | <top-of> | <bottom-of>)120 546 Q
(<north-of> | <south-of> | <east-of> | <west-of>)120 558 Q
(<center-of> | <start-of> | <end-of>)120 570 Q
(upper left | lower left | upper right | lower right)120 582 Q(<)108 600
Q/F2 10/Courier-Oblique@0 SF(xxx).28 E F1(-of> ::=).9 E F2(xxx)120 612 Q
F0 2.5(#f)114 G(ollo)-2.5 E(wed by `of)-.25 E(').55 E F1
(<nth-primitive> ::=)108 630 Q(<ordinal> <object-type>)120 642 Q
([<ordinal>] last <object-type>)120 654 Q(<ordinal> ::=)108 672 Q
(INT th)120 684 Q(INT st | INT nd | INT rd)120 696 Q 6(`<)120 708 S
(any-expr> 'th)-6 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-37-)297.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF
(<object-type> ::=)108 84 Q(box)120 96 Q(circle)120 108 Q(ellipse)120
120 Q(arc)120 132 Q(line)120 144 Q(arrow)120 156 Q(spline)120 168 Q
('[]')120 180 Q(TEXT)120 192 Q F0 .365(As K)97 210 R .365
(ernighan notes, \231since barbarisms lik)-.25 F(e)-.1 E/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(1th)2.865 E F0(and)2.865 E F2(3th)2.865 E F0 .365
(are barbaric, synon)2.865 F .365(yms lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F2(1st)2.864 E
F0(and)2.864 E F2(3rd)2.864 E F0 .364(are accepted)2.864 F 1.146
(as well.)72 222 R 6.146<9a4f>-.7 G 1.147(bjects of a gi)-6.146 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.647(nt).15 G 1.147(ype are numbered from 1 upw)-3.647 F
1.147(ards in order of declaration; the)-.1 F F2(last)3.647 E F0 1.147
(modi\214er counts)3.647 F(backw)72 234 Q(ards.)-.1 E .41(The \231')97
249.6 R .41(th\232 form \(which allo)-.18 F .41(ws you to select a pre)
-.25 F .41(vious object with an e)-.25 F .41
(xpression, as opposed to a numeric lit-)-.15 F
(eral\) is not documented in D)72 261.6 Q(WB')-.3 E(s)-.55 E/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(pic)2.5 E F0(\(1\).).31 E(The)97 277.2 Q/F4 10/Symbol
SF<e1>2.633 E F3(xxx).77 E F0(-of).53 E F4<f1>1.666 E F0 .133
(rule is special: The le)2.633 F .133(xical parser checks whether)-.15 F
F3(xxx)2.634 E F0 .134(is follo)2.634 F .134(wed by the tok)-.25 F .134
(en `of)-.1 F 2.634('w).55 G .134(ithout elim-)-2.634 F .718
(inating it so that the grammar parser can still see `of)72 289.2 R
3.218('. V).55 F .718(alid e)-1.11 F .718
(xamples of specifying a place with corner and label)-.15 F(are thus)72
301.2 Q F1 6(A.)108 319.2 S(n)-6 E(.n of A)108 331.2 Q(.n A)108 343.2 Q
(north of A)108 355.2 Q F0(while)72 373.2 Q F1(north A)108 391.2 Q 6(An)
108 403.2 S(orth)-6 E F0(both cause a syntax error)72 421.2 Q 5(.\()-.55
G -.3(DW)-5 G(B).3 E F2(pic)2.5 E F0(also allo)2.5 E
(ws the weird form `)-.25 E 2.5(An)-.8 G(orth of)-2.5 E('.\)).55 E
(Here the special rules for the `with' k)97 436.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -.1
(wo).15 G(rd using a path:).1 E F1(<path> ::=)108 454.8 Q
(<relative-path>)120 466.8 Q 6(\(<)120 478.8 S
(relative-path> , <relative-path> \))-6 E(<relative-path> ::=)108 496.8
Q(<corner>)120 508.8 Q 6(.L)120 520.8 S(ABEL [. LABEL ...] [<corner>])-6
E F0(The follo)97 538.8 Q(wing style v)-.25 E(ariables control output:)
-.25 E F2(Style V)156.325 558.8 Q 12.5(ariable Default What)-.92 F
(It Does)2.5 E .08 LW 455.675 565.3 156.325 565.3 DL 270.395 547.3
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